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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block">War at Night</h1>
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<section id="data" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="data">Data</h2>
<p>Satellite images of Syria taken at night capture a subtle trace left by human civilization: lights. Apartment buildings, street lights, highways, powerplants– all are illuminated at night and can be seen from space. Researchers often use these nighttime lights signatures to track development; as cities grow, villages recieve power, and infrastructure is built, areas emit more light. But this works both ways. As cities are demolished, villages burned, and highways cutoff, they stop emitting lights.</p>
<p>The timelapse below uses imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), a joint program run by the U.S. Department of Defense and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency. One image is taken per year between 2005 and 2013:</p>
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<section id="ukraine" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="ukraine">Ukraine</h2>
<section id="pre-processing" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="pre-processing">Pre-Processing</h3>
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<section id="analysis" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="analysis">Analysis</h3>
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<section id="iraq" class="level2">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="iraq">Iraq</h2>
<p>A link to the GEE code for this section can be found <a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/2cf77d8cb9afd76b73100637fbffdf5d">here</a>.</p>
<section id="pre-processing-1" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="pre-processing-1">Pre-Processing</h3>
<p>First, let’s start by importing a few useful packages written by <a href="https://twitter.com/gena_d">Gennadii Donchyts</a>. We’ll use <code>utils</code> and <code>text</code> to annotate the date of each image on the timelapse. We’ll also define an Area of Interest (AOI), which is just a rectangle. You can do this manually by clicking the drawing tools in the top left. I’ve drawn an AOI over the area covering Mosul, Irbil, and Kirkuk in Northern Iraq.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> utils <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">require</span>(<span class="st">"users/gena/packages:utils"</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> text <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">require</span>(<span class="st">"users/gena/packages:text"</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// define the Area of Interest (AOI)</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> AOI <span class="op">=</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Geometry</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Polygon</span>(</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [[[<span class="fl">42.555362833405326</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.62010778397765</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">42.555362833405326</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.18296243288332</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">44.681217325592826</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.18296243288332</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">44.681217325592826</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.62010778397765</span>]]])</span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// start and end dates for our gif </span></span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> startDate <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'2013-01-01'</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> endDate <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'2018-01-01'</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-14"><a href="#cb1-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-15"><a href="#cb1-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// a filename for when we export the gif</span></span>
<span id="cb1-16"><a href="#cb1-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> export_name<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'qayyarah_viirs'</span></span>
<span id="cb1-17"><a href="#cb1-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb1-18"><a href="#cb1-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// A palette to visualize the VIIRS imagery. This one is similar to Matplotlib's "Magma" palette. </span></span>
<span id="cb1-19"><a href="#cb1-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> viirs_palette <span class="op">=</span> [</span>
<span id="cb1-20"><a href="#cb1-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#000004"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-21"><a href="#cb1-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#320a5a"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-22"><a href="#cb1-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#781b6c"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-23"><a href="#cb1-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#bb3654"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-24"><a href="#cb1-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#ec6824"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-25"><a href="#cb1-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#fbb41a"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-26"><a href="#cb1-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"#fcffa4"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-27"><a href="#cb1-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>]<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-28"><a href="#cb1-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-29"><a href="#cb1-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// Visualisation parameters for the VIIRS imagery, defining a minimum and maximum value, and referencing the palette we just created</span></span>
<span id="cb1-30"><a href="#cb1-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> VIIRSvis <span class="op">=</span> { <span class="dt">min</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="fl">0.1</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="dt">max</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="fl">1.6</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="dt">palette</span><span class="op">:</span> viirs_palette }<span class="op">;</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>Next, we’ll load the VIIRS nighttime lights imagery. We want to select the <code>avg_rad</code> band of the image collection, and filter blank images. Sometimes, we get blank images over an area in VIIRS if our AOI is on the edge of the satellite’s imaging swath. We can filter these images, similarly to how we filter for cloudy images in Sentinel-2:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> VIIRS<span class="op">=</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">ImageCollection</span>(<span class="st">"NOAA/VIIRS/DNB/MONTHLY_V1/VCMCFG"</span>) </span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="st">'avg_rad'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Calculate the sum of the 'avg_rad' band within the AOI</span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">map</span>(<span class="kw">function</span>(image) { </span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> blank<span class="op">=</span>image<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">reduceRegions</span>({</span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">collection</span><span class="op">:</span> AOI<span class="op">,</span> </span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">reducer</span><span class="op">:</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Reducer</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">sum</span>()<span class="op">,</span> </span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">scale</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">10</span>})</span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">first</span>()</span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">get</span>(<span class="st">'sum'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// For each image, define a property 'blank' that stores the sum of the 'avg_rad' band within the AOI. </span></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// We're also going to take a base 10 log of the image-- this will help us visualize the data by dampening extreme values </span></span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> image<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">set</span>(<span class="st">'blank'</span><span class="op">,</span> blank)<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">log10</span>()<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">unmask</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })</span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Now, we can filter images which are fully or partially blank over our AOI</span></span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">filter</span>(ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Filter</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">gt</span>(<span class="st">'blank'</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="dv">10</span>))</span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Finally, we filter the collection to the specified date range</span></span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">filterDate</span>(startDate<span class="op">,</span> endDate)</span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>Let’s have a look at the first image in the collection to make sure everything’s looking right. We’ll set the basemap to satellite and center our AOI:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">Map</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">setOptions</span>(<span class="st">'HYBRID'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">Map</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">centerObject</span>(AOI)</span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">Map</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">addLayer</span>(VIIRS<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">first</span>()<span class="op">,</span>VIIRSvis<span class="op">,</span><span class="st">'Nighttime Lights'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/iraq_check.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>If we decrease the opacity of the VIIRS layer, we can see the cities of Mosul, Erbil, and Kirkuk shining brightly at night. We can also see a string of bright lights between Kirkuk and Erbil– these are methane flares from oil wells.</p>
</section>
<section id="analysis-1" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="analysis-1">Analysis</h3>
<p>Having pre-processed the VIIRS imagery, we can now define a function <code>gif</code> that will take:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>An image collection (<code>col</code>, in this case the nighttime lights imagery <code>VIIRS</code>)</li>
<li>Visualization parameters (<code>col_vis</code>, in this case <code>VIIRSvis</code>)</li>
<li>An Area of Interest <code>AOI</code></li>
</ol>
<p>The function will then return a timelapse.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> gif <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">function</span> (col<span class="op">,</span> col_vis<span class="op">,</span> AOI) {</span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Define the date annotations to be printed in the top left of the gif in white</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> annotations <span class="op">=</span> [</span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> {</span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">textColor</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"white"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">position</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"left"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">offset</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"1%"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">margin</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"1%"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">property</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"label"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href="#cb4-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Dynamically size the annotations according to the size of the AOI</span></span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href="#cb4-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">scale</span><span class="op">:</span> AOI<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">area</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>)<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">sqrt</span>()<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">divide</span>(<span class="dv">200</span>)<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href="#cb4-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href="#cb4-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ]<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-15"><a href="#cb4-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Next, we want to map over the image collection,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> rgbVis <span class="op">=</span> col<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">map</span>(<span class="kw">function</span> (image) {</span>
<span id="cb4-18"><a href="#cb4-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Get the date of the image and format it</span></span>
<span id="cb4-19"><a href="#cb4-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> start <span class="op">=</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Date</span>(image<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">get</span>(<span class="st">"system:time_start"</span>))<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-20"><a href="#cb4-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> label <span class="op">=</span> start<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">format</span>(<span class="st">"YYYY-MM-dd"</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-21"><a href="#cb4-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// And visualize the image using the visualization parameters defined earlier.</span></span>
<span id="cb4-22"><a href="#cb4-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// We also want to set a property called "label" that stores the formatted date </span></span>
<span id="cb4-23"><a href="#cb4-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> image<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">visualize</span>(col_vis)<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">set</span>({ <span class="dt">label</span><span class="op">:</span> label })<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-24"><a href="#cb4-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-25"><a href="#cb4-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-26"><a href="#cb4-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Now we use the label proprty and the annotateImage function from @gena_d to annotate each image with the date. </span></span>
<span id="cb4-27"><a href="#cb4-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> rgbVis <span class="op">=</span> rgbVis<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">map</span>(<span class="kw">function</span> (image) {</span>
<span id="cb4-28"><a href="#cb4-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> text<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">annotateImage</span>(image<span class="op">,</span> {}<span class="op">,</span> AOI<span class="op">,</span> annotations)<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-29"><a href="#cb4-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-30"><a href="#cb4-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-31"><a href="#cb4-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Define GIF visualization parameters.</span></span>
<span id="cb4-32"><a href="#cb4-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">var</span> gifParams <span class="op">=</span> {</span>
<span id="cb4-33"><a href="#cb4-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">maxPixels</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">27017280</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-34"><a href="#cb4-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">region</span><span class="op">:</span> AOI<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-35"><a href="#cb4-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">crs</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"EPSG:3857"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-36"><a href="#cb4-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">dimensions</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">640</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-37"><a href="#cb4-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">framesPerSecond</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">5</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-38"><a href="#cb4-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> }<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-39"><a href="#cb4-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-40"><a href="#cb4-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Export the gif to Google Drive</span></span>
<span id="cb4-41"><a href="#cb4-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> Export<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">video</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toDrive</span>({</span>
<span id="cb4-42"><a href="#cb4-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">collection</span><span class="op">:</span> rgbVis<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-43"><a href="#cb4-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">description</span><span class="op">:</span> export_name<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-44"><a href="#cb4-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">dimensions</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">1080</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-45"><a href="#cb4-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">framesPerSecond</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="dv">5</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-46"><a href="#cb4-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">region</span><span class="op">:</span> AOI<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-47"><a href="#cb4-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-48"><a href="#cb4-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Print the GIF URL to the console.</span></span>
<span id="cb4-49"><a href="#cb4-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(rgbVis<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getVideoThumbURL</span>(gifParams))<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-50"><a href="#cb4-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-51"><a href="#cb4-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// Render the GIF animation in the console.</span></span>
<span id="cb4-52"><a href="#cb4-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">print</span>(ui<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Thumbnail</span>(rgbVis<span class="op">,</span> gifParams))<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-53"><a href="#cb4-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}<span class="op">;</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>Ok that was a pretty big chunk of code. But the good news is that we basically never have to touch it again, since we can just feed it different inputs. For example, if I want to generate a gif of nighttime lights over a different area, it’s as simple as dragging the AOI. If I want to look at a different time period, I can just edit the <code>startDate</code> and <code>endDate</code> variables. And if I want to visualize an entirely different type of satellite imagery– Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, or anything else, all I have to do is change the image collection (<code>col</code>) and visualization parameters (<code>col_vis</code>) variables. Now, let’s look at some timelapses.</p>
<section id="the-fall-of-mosul" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-fall-of-mosul">The Fall of Mosul</h4>
<p>The function returns a timelapse of nighttime lights over Northern Iraq:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">gif</span>(VIIRS<span class="op">,</span> VIIRSvis<span class="op">,</span> AOI)<span class="op">;</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/Figure_1.gif" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">I’ve done a bit of post-processing to this gif, adding more annotations and blending between frames to make it a bit smoother. I typically use <a href="https://ffmpeg.org/">ffmpeg</a> and <a href="https://ezgif.com/">ezgif</a> for the finishing touches.</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>This timelapse gives a play-by-play of one of the most important campaigns in the war against the Islamic State. In the first few frames, Mosul is under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). In the summer of 2014, ISIS captures the city, and power is cut off. Mosul and many villages along the Tigris river are plunged into darkness. In 2015, the front line in the campaign to retake the city emerges around Mosul, advancing in 2016 and 2017. Mosul is eventually retaken by the KRG in 2017, after which it brightens once again as electricity is restored.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-qayyarah-fires" class="level4">
<h4 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-qayyarah-fires">The Qayyarah Fires</h4>
<p>Farther south, there is an interesting detail. Above the “h” in “Qayyarah”, a bright set of lights emerges just before Mosul is recaptured, around December 2016. Fleeing Islamic State fighters <a href="https://time.com/iraq-fires/">set fire to the Qayyarah oilfields</a>, which burned for months.</p>
<p>Using the VIIRS data we’ve already loaded, we can further analyze the effect of the conflict using a chart. First, let’s define two rectangles (again, you can draw these) over Mosul and Qayyarah:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> mosul <span class="op">=</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Feature</span>(</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Geometry</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Polygon</span>(</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [[[<span class="fl">43.054977780266675</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.438274276521234</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.054977780266675</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.290642221212416</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.24792516796199</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.290642221212416</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.24792516796199</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">36.438274276521234</span>]]]<span class="op">,</span> <span class="kw">null</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="kw">false</span>)<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> {</span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"label"</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"Mosul"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"system:index"</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"0"</span></span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-11"><a href="#cb6-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-12"><a href="#cb6-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> qayyarah <span class="op">=</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Feature</span>(</span>
<span id="cb6-13"><a href="#cb6-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Geometry</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Polygon</span>(</span>
<span id="cb6-14"><a href="#cb6-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [[[<span class="fl">43.08240275545117</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.8925587996721</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-15"><a href="#cb6-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.08240275545117</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.77899970860588</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-16"><a href="#cb6-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.26642375154492</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.77899970860588</span>]<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-17"><a href="#cb6-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> [<span class="fl">43.26642375154492</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="fl">35.8925587996721</span>]]]<span class="op">,</span> <span class="kw">null</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="kw">false</span>)<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-18"><a href="#cb6-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> {</span>
<span id="cb6-19"><a href="#cb6-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"label"</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"Qayyarah"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb6-20"><a href="#cb6-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"system:index"</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">"0"</span></span>
<span id="cb6-21"><a href="#cb6-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })</span>
<span id="cb6-22"><a href="#cb6-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-23"><a href="#cb6-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// Let's put these together in a list </span></span>
<span id="cb6-24"><a href="#cb6-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> regions<span class="op">=</span>[qayyarah<span class="op">,</span> mosul]</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p>Once we’ve got the rectangles, we can make a chart that will take the mean value of the VIIRS images in each rectangle over time:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode js code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode javascript"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">var</span> chart <span class="op">=</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ui<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Chart</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="at">image</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">seriesByRegion</span>({</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">imageCollection</span><span class="op">:</span> VIIRS<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">regions</span><span class="op">:</span> regions<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">reducer</span><span class="op">:</span> ee<span class="op">.</span><span class="at">Reducer</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">mean</span>()<span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">seriesProperty</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="st">'label'</span></span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">setOptions</span>({</span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="dt">title</span><span class="op">:</span> <span class="st">'Nighttime Lights'</span></span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> })<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(chart)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<p><img src="./images/qayyarah_chart.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>We can clearly see Mosul (the red line) darkening in 2014 as the city is taken by ISIS. During this period the Qayyarah oilfileds are, as we might expect, quite dark. All of a sudden in 2016 Qayyarah becomes brighter at night than the city of Mosul ever was, as the oilfields are set on fire. Then, almost exactly when the blaze in Qayyarah is extinguished and the area darkens (i.e.&nbsp;when the blue line falls back to near zero), Mosul brightens once again (i.e.&nbsp;the red line rises) as the city is liberated.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="the-battle-for-aleppo" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="the-battle-for-aleppo">The Battle for Aleppo</h3>
<p>The images below were taken between 2012 and 2014. Vast swaths of the city darken as neighbourhoods are razed by fighting.</p>
<p><timelapse></timelapse></p>
<p>Though this is a trend that can be observed across the country, nowhere is the decline in nightlights more visible than in Aleppo. Below is a comparison of longitudinal trends in nighlights signatures between several cities:</p>
<p><graph></graph></p>
<p>The most salient trend is Aleppo plummeting over the course of 2012, and becoming steadily darker over the course of the next four years. Raqqa drops in 2012 as well, but remains in flux until 2017, when the battle to reclaim the city pluges it into near total darkness. Damascus also experiences a dip in 2012, but stabilizes relatively quickly. The Turkish city of Gaziantep– less than 100km from Aleppo and roughly 1/5th the size– stands in stark contrast to the Syrian cities, becoming progressively brighter over the entire period.</p>
<p>Another interesting pattern here is the difference in seasonal trends in nightlights. Under normal circumstances in this part of the world, cities become brighter at night during the summer months. Restaurants, bars, and markets stay open later and conduct business outdoors. Gaziantep, which still attracts scores of tourists every year, displays pronounced seasonality. Damascus, the most stable of the three Syrian cities, also maintains a seasonal trend throughout the war. In contrast, both Raqqa and Aleppo maintain extremely low and roughly constant levels of nightlights year-round during the periods following intense fighting.</p>
<p>Reliable economic data for Syria haven’t been available for nearly a decade, and assessing the country’s recovery is consequently difficult. But subtle indications of economic growth are visible above: all three Syrian cities have been on a steady upward trend since 2017, and beginning to display seasonal variation once again.</p>
</section>
<section id="fighting-for-oil" class="level3">
<h3 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fighting-for-oil">Fighting for Oil</h3>
<p>Throughout the war, sudden massive spikes in nightlights signatures can be observed throughout the country. In the center of the map just west of Palmyra, some particularly large spikes occur in 2017:</p>
<p>These flashes of light show gas wells being set on fire, a common form of sabotage carried out by retreating Islamic State fighters. Modified Sentinel-2 imagery of the Hayyan gas field (indicated by the green box above) shows this in greater detail. Substituing the Red band in an RGB image with Near Infrared (NIR) highlights thermal signatures, showing fires burning brightly even during the day.</p>
<p>The large complex on the right is the Hayyan Gas Plant, which produced nearly 1/3 of Syria’s electricity. The plant and its associated wells changed hands several times throughout the war, but were under Islamic State control until February 2017. In the video below, Islamic State fighters can be seen rigging the plant with explosives and destroying it on January 8th:</p>
<p>In February, three Russian oil and gas companies (Zarubij Naft, Lukoil and Gazprom Neft) were given restoration, exploration, and production rights to the hydrocarbon deposits West of Palmyra. On January 12th, 2017, the Syrian Army’s 5th Legion and Russian special forces launched a counterattack known as the “Palmyra offensive”, with the aim of retaking several important hydrocarbon deposits including Hayyan.</p>
<p>The timing of well fires aligns closely with a detailed timeline of the campaign.The Near Infrared Sentinel-2 image below shows the layout of the Hayyan Gas Plant and the wells in the Hayyan gas field:</p>
<p>The Syrian Army took the Hayyan gas field on <a href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-liberates-hayyan-gas-fields-west-palmyra/">February 4th</a>, and retreating ISIS fighters set fire to wells 1, and 3. However, ISIS managed to briefly retake the Hayyan field on <a href="https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-retakes-hayyan-gas-fields-new-bid-expand-west-palmyra/">February 7th</a>, setting fire to wells 2 and 4. These moments in the Palmyra Offensive are captured in NIR signatures</p>
<p>Interestingly, despite the massive explosion caused by the bombing of the Hayyan Gas Plant, no prolonged thermal anomalies were detected over the area of the plant itself. The well fires, on the other hand, lasted for months. Below is an image of well fire at the Hayyan field taken from this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFe9abYyqK0">video</a>; based on the nearby infrastructure and date (04/02/2017) of posting, it is likely Well-3.</p>
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<li><a href="#applications-3" id="toc-applications-3" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-3">Applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-3" id="toc-datasets-3" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-3">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#mineral-deposits" id="toc-mineral-deposits" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#mineral-deposits"><span class="toc-section-number">1.5</span> Mineral Deposits</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-4" id="toc-applications-4" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-4">Applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-4" id="toc-datasets-4" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-4">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#fires" id="toc-fires" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#fires"><span class="toc-section-number">1.6</span> Fires</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-5" id="toc-applications-5" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-5">Applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-5" id="toc-datasets-5" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-5">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#population-density-estimates" id="toc-population-density-estimates" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#population-density-estimates"><span class="toc-section-number">1.7</span> Population Density Estimates</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-6" id="toc-applications-6" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-6">Applications:</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-6" id="toc-datasets-6" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-6">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#building-footprints" id="toc-building-footprints" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#building-footprints"><span class="toc-section-number">1.8</span> Building Footprints</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-7" id="toc-applications-7" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-7">Applications:</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-7" id="toc-datasets-7" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-7">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#administrative-boundaries" id="toc-administrative-boundaries" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#administrative-boundaries"><span class="toc-section-number">1.9</span> Administrative Boundaries</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-8" id="toc-applications-8" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-8">Applications</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-8" id="toc-datasets-8" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-8">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#global-power-plant-database" id="toc-global-power-plant-database" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#global-power-plant-database"><span class="toc-section-number">1.10</span> Global Power Plant Database</a>
<ul class="collapse">
<li><a href="#applications-9" id="toc-applications-9" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#applications-9">Applications:</a></li>
<li><a href="#datasets-9" id="toc-datasets-9" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#datasets-9">Datasets</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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<main class="content" id="quarto-document-content">
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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block"><span class="chapter-number">1</span>&nbsp; <span class="chapter-title">Data Acquisition</span></h1>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-meta">
</div>
</header>
<p>One of the main advantages of GEE is that it hosts several Petabytes of satellite imagery and other spatial data sets, <a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets">all in one place</a>. Among these are a many that could prove useful to those investigating illegal mining and logging, estimating conflict-induced damage, monitoring pollution from extractive industries, conducting maritime surveillance without relying on ship transponders, verifying the locations of artillery strikes, tracking missile defense systems, and many other topics. This section highlights ten categories of geospatial data available natively in the GEE catalogue ranging from optical satellite imagery, to atmospheric data, to building footprints. Each sub-section provides an overview of the given data type, suggests potential applications, and lists the corresponding datasets in the GEE catalogue. The datasets listed under each heading are <strong>not</strong> an exhaustive list– there are over 500 in the whole catalogue, and the ones listed in this section are simply the ones with the most immediate relevance to open source investigations. If a particular geospatial dataset you want to work with isn’t hosted in the GEE catalog, you can upload your own data. We’ll cover that in the next section.</p>
<section id="optical-imagery" class="level2" data-number="1.1">
<h2 data-number="1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="optical-imagery"><span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Optical Imagery</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/hasankeyf.gif" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Sentinel-2 timelapse showing the ancient city of Hasankeyf being flooded following the construction of a dam by the Turkish government.</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Optical satellite imagery is the bread and butter of many open source investiagtions. It would be tough to list off all of the possible use cases, so here’s a handy flowchart:</p>
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<div class="cell-output-display">
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<p>
</p><pre class="mermaid" data-tooltip-selector="#mermaid-tooltip-1">%%{init: {'theme': 'base', 'themeVariables': { 'primaryColor': '#FFFFFF' ,'primaryBorderColor':'#000000' , 'lineColor':'#009933'}}}%%
flowchart
A(Does it happen outside?)
A--&gt; B(Yes)
A--&gt; C(No)
D(Is it very small?)
B--&gt;D
E(Yes)
F(No)
D--&gt;F
D--&gt;E
G(Use optical satellite imagery)
H(Don't use optical satellite imagery)
E--&gt;H
F--&gt;G
C--&gt;H
</pre>
<div id="mermaid-tooltip-1" class="mermaidTooltip">
</div>
<p></p>
</div>
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</div>
<p>This is, of course, a bit of an exaggeration. But if you’re interested in a visible phenomenon that happens outdoors and that isn’t very tiny, chances are an earth-observing satellite has taken a picture of it. What that picture can tell you naturally depends on what you’re interested in learning.</p>
<p>For a deeper dive into analyzing optical satellite imagery, see the subsection on <a href="./ch3.html#multispectral-remote-sensing-remote_sensing">multispectral remote sensing.</a>.</p>
<section id="applications" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Geolocating pictures</li>
<li>General surveillance</li>
<li>Change/Damage detection</li>
<li>Verifying the locations of artillery strikes</li>
<li>Monitoring illegal mining/logging</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/landsat-mss">Landsat 1-5</a></td>
<td>1972–1999</td>
<td>30m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/LANDSAT_LE07_C02_T1_L2">Landsat 7</a></td>
<td>1999–2021</td>
<td>30m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/LANDSAT_LC08_C02_T1_L2">Landsat 8</a></td>
<td>2013–Present</td>
<td>30m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/LANDSAT_LC09_C02_T1_L2">Landsat 9</a></td>
<td>2021–Present</td>
<td>30m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S2_SR_HARMONIZED">Sentinel-2</a></td>
<td>2015–Present</td>
<td>10m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/tags/nicfi">NICFI</a></td>
<td>2015-Present</td>
<td>4.7m</td>
<td>Tropics</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/USDA_NAIP_DOQQ">NAIP</a></td>
<td>2002-2021</td>
<td>0.6m</td>
<td>USA</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="radar-imagery" class="level2" data-number="1.2">
<h2 data-number="1.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="radar-imagery"><span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> Radar Imagery</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/radar%20ships.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Ships and interference from a radar system are visible in Zhuanghe Wan, near North Korea.</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="applications-1" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-1">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Change/Damage detection</li>
<li>Tracking military radar systems</li>
<li>Maritime surveillance</li>
<li>Monitoring illegal mining/logging</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-1" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-1">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S1_GRD">Sentinel 1</a></td>
<td>2014-Present</td>
<td>10m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="nighttime-lights" class="level2" data-number="1.3">
<h2 data-number="1.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="nighttime-lights"><span class="header-section-number">1.3</span> Nighttime Lights</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/Figure_1.gif" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">A timelapse of nighttime lights over Northern Iraq showing the capture and liberation of Mosul by ISIS.</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="applications-2" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-2">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Damage detection</li>
<li>Identifying gas flaring/oil production</li>
<li>Identifying urban areas/military bases illuminated at night</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-2" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-2">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/NOAA_DMSP-OLS_NIGHTTIME_LIGHTS">DMSP-OLS</a></td>
<td>1992-2014</td>
<td>927m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/NOAA_VIIRS_DNB_MONTHLY_V1_VCMSLCFG">VIIRS</a></td>
<td>2014-Present</td>
<td>463m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="climate-and-atmospheric-data" class="level2" data-number="1.4">
<h2 data-number="1.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="climate-and-atmospheric-data"><span class="header-section-number">1.4</span> Climate and Atmospheric Data</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/mishraq_small.gif" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Sulphur Dioxide plume resulting from ISIS attack on the Al-Mishraq Sulphur Plant in Iraq</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="applications-3" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-3">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Monitoring of airborne pollution</li>
<li>Tracing pollution back to specific facilities and companies</li>
<li>Visualizing the effects of one-off environmental catastrophes
<ul>
<li>Nordstream 1 leak</li>
<li>ISIS setting Mishraq sulphur plant on fire</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-3" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-3">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/ECMWF_CAMS_NRT">CAMS NRT</a></td>
<td>2016-Present</td>
<td>44528m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/sentinel-5p">Sentinel-5p</a></td>
<td>2018-Present</td>
<td>1113m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="mineral-deposits" class="level2" data-number="1.5">
<h2 data-number="1.5" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="mineral-deposits"><span class="header-section-number">1.5</span> Mineral Deposits</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/mining.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Zinc deposits across Central Africa</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<section id="applications-4" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-4">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Monitoring mining activity</li>
<li>Mapping the distribution of resources in rebel held areas in conflicts fueled by resource extraction</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-4" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-4">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/tags/isda">iSDA</a></td>
<td>2001-2017</td>
<td>30m</td>
<td>Africa</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="fires" class="level2" data-number="1.6">
<h2 data-number="1.6" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="fires"><span class="header-section-number">1.6</span> Fires</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/fires.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Detected fires over Ukraine since 27/02/2022 showing the frontline of the war</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Earth-observing satellites can detect “thermal anomalies” (fires) from space. NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) provides daily data on active fires in near real time, going back to the year 2000. Carlos Gonzales wrote a comprehensive <a href="https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/2022/10/04/scorched-earth-using-nasa-fire-data-to-monitor-war-zones/">Bellingcat article</a> on the use of FIRMS to monitor war zones from Ukraine to Ethiopia. The map above shows that FIRMS detected fires over Eastern Ukraine trace the frontline of the war.</p>
<p>FIRMS data are derived from the MODIS satellite, but only show the central location and intensity of a detected fire. Another MODIS product (linked in the table below) generates a monthly map of burned areas, which can be used to assess the spatial extent of fires.</p>
<section id="applications-5" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-5">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Identification of possible artillery strikes/fighting in places like Ukraine</li>
<li>Environmental warfare and “scorched earth” policies</li>
<li>Large scale arson
<ul>
<li>e.g.&nbsp;<a href="https://citizenevidence.org/2021/02/26/using-viirs-fire-data-for-human-rights-research/">Refugee camps burned down in Myanmar</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-5" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-5">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/FIRMS">FIRMS</a></td>
<td>2000-Present</td>
<td>1000m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/CIESIN_GPWv411_GPW_Population_Count">MODIS Burned Area</a></td>
<td>2000-Present</td>
<td>500m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="population-density-estimates" class="level2" data-number="1.7">
<h2 data-number="1.7" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="population-density-estimates"><span class="header-section-number">1.7</span> Population Density Estimates</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/pop.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Population density estimates around Pyongyang, North Korea</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Sometimes, we may want to get an estimate the population in a specific area to ballpark how many people might be affected by a natural disaster, a counteroffensive, or a missile strike. You can’t really google “what is the population in this rectangle i’ve drawn in Northeastern Syria?” and get a good answer. Luckily, there are several spatial population datasets hosted in GEE that let you do just that. Some, such as WorldPop, provide estimated breakdowns by age and sex as well. However, it is extremely important to bear in mind that these are <strong>estimates</strong>, and will <strong>not</strong> take into account things like conflict-induced displacement. For example, Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s LandScan program has released high-resolution population data for Ukraine, but this pertains to the pre-war population distribution. The war has radically changed this distribution, so these estimates no longer reflect where people <em>are</em>. Still, this dataset could be used to roughly estimate displacement or the number of people who will need new housing.</p>
<section id="applications-6" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-6">Applications:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Rough estimates of civilians at risk from conflict or disaster, provided at a high spatial resolution</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-6" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-6">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Sensor</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Resolution</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/tags/worldpop">Worldpop</a></td>
<td>2000-2021</td>
<td>92m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/CIESIN_GPWv411_GPW_Population_Count">GPW</a></td>
<td>2000-2021</td>
<td>927m</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/DOE_ORNL_LandScan_HD_Ukraine_202201">LandScan</a></td>
<td>2013–Present</td>
<td>100m</td>
<td>Ukraine</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="building-footprints" class="level2" data-number="1.8">
<h2 data-number="1.8" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="building-footprints"><span class="header-section-number">1.8</span> Building Footprints</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/footprints.png" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Building footprints in Mariupol, Ukraine colored by whether the building is damaged</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>A building footprint dataset contains the two dimensional outlines of buildings in a given area. Currently, GEE hosts one building footprint dataset which covers all of Africa. In 2022, Microsoft released a free <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/maps/building-footprints">global building footprint dataset</a>, though to use it in Earth Engine you’ll have to download it from their <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/USBuildingFootprints">GitHub page</a> and upload it manually to GEE. The same goes for OpenStreetMap (OSM), a public database of building footprints, roads, and other features that also contains useful annotations for many buildings indicating their use. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJkV3l5Haq0">Benjamin Strick</a> has a great youtube video on conducting investigations using OSM data.</p>
<section id="applications-7" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-7">Applications:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Joining damage estimate data with the number of buildings in an area</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-7" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-7">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Dataset</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_Research_open-buildings_v2_polygons">Open Buildings</a></td>
<td>2022</td>
<td>Africa</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="administrative-boundaries" class="level2" data-number="1.9">
<h2 data-number="1.9" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="administrative-boundaries"><span class="header-section-number">1.9</span> Administrative Boundaries</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/fao_gaul.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Second-level administrative boundaries in Yemen</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>Spatial analysis often have to aggregate information over a defined area; we may want to assess the total burned area by province in Ukraine, or count the number of Saudi airstrikes by district in Yemen. For that, we need data on these administrative boundaries. GEE hosts several such datasets at the country, province, and district (or equivalent) level.</p>
<section id="applications-8" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-8">Applications</h3>
<ul>
<li>Quick spatial calculations for different provinces/districts in a country
<ul>
<li>e.g.&nbsp;counts of conflict events by district over time</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="datasets-8" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-8">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Dataset</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/tags/gaul">FAO GAUL</a></td>
<td>2015</td>
<td>Global</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="global-power-plant-database" class="level2" data-number="1.10">
<h2 data-number="1.10" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="global-power-plant-database"><span class="header-section-number">1.10</span> Global Power Plant Database</h2>
<div class="quarto-figure quarto-figure-center">
<figure class="figure">
<p><img src="./images/power.jpg" class="img-fluid figure-img"></p>
<p></p><figcaption class="figure-caption">Power plants in Ukraine colored by type</figcaption><p></p>
</figure>
</div>
<p>The Global Power Plant Database is a comprehensive, open source database of power plants around the world. It centralizes power plant data to make it easier to navigate, compare and draw insights. Each power plant is geolocated and entries contain information on plant capacity, generation, ownership, and fuel type. As of June 2018, the database includes around 28,500 power plants from 164 countries. The database is curated by the <a href="https://datasets.wri.org/dataset/globalpowerplantdatabase">World Resources Institude (WRI)</a>.</p>
<section id="applications-9" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="applications-9">Applications:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Analyzing the impact of conflict on critical infrastructure.
<ul>
<li>e.g.&nbsp;fighting in Ukraine taking place around nuclear power facilities.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Could be combined with the atmospheric measurements of different pollutants and the population estimates data to assess the impact of various forms of energy generation on air quality and public health.</li>
</ul>
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<section id="datasets-9" class="level3 unnumbered">
<h3 class="unnumbered anchored" data-anchor-id="datasets-9">Datasets</h3>
<table class="table">
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<tr class="header">
<th>Dataset</th>
<th>Timeframe</th>
<th>Coverage</th>
</tr>
</thead>
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<td><a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/WRI_GPPD_power_plants">GPPD</a></td>
<td>2018</td>
<td>Global</td>
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<h2 data-number="3.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="remote_sensing"><span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> Multispectral Remote Sensing</h2>
<p>There are three spatial, spectral, and temporal.</p>
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<h3 data-number="3.1.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="spatial-resolution"><span class="header-section-number">3.1.1</span> Spatial Resolution</h3>
<p>Spatial resolution governs how “sharp” an image looks. The Google Maps satellite basemap, for example, is really sharp Most of the optical imagery that is freely available has relatively low spatial resolution (it looks more grainy than, for example, the Google satellite basemap),</p>
<p><img src="./images/Landsat.png" class="img-fluid"> <img src="./images/Sentinel2.png" class="img-fluid"> <img src="./images/Maxar.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
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<p>What open source imagery lacks in spatial resolution it often makes up for with <em>spectral</em> resolution. Really sharp imagery from MAXAR, for example, collects</p>
<p>Different materials reflect light differently. An apple absorbs shorter wavelengths (e.g.&nbsp;blue and green), and reflects longer wavelengths (red). Our eyes use that information– the color– to distinguish between different objects. But our eyes can only see a relatively small sliver of the electromagnetic spectrum covering blue, yellow, and red; we can’t see UV or infrared wavelengths, for example, though the extent to which different materials reflect or absorb these wavelengths is just as useful for distinguishing between them. For example, Astroturf (fake plastic grass) and real grass will both look green to us, espeically from a satellite image. But living plants absorb radiation from the sun in a part of the light spectrum that we can’t see. There’s a spectral index called the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which exploits this fact to isolate vegetation in multispectral satellite imagery. So if we look at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium">Gilette Stadium</a> near Boston, we can tell that the three training fields south of the stadium are real grass (they generate high NDVI values, showing up red), while the pitch in the stadium itself is astroturf (generating low NDVI values, showing up blue).</p>
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<p>In other words, even though these fields are all green and indistinguishable to the human eye, their <em>spectral profiles</em> beyond the visible light spectrum differ, and we can use this information to distinguish between them. Below is a plot of the spectral profiles of different materials, including oil.</p>
<iframe title="Spectral Profiles of Different Materials" aria-label="Interactive line chart" id="datawrapper-chart-b1kcX" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/b1kcX/3/" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width: 0; min-width: 100% !important; border: none;" height="400">
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<p>The European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite collects spectral information well beyond the visible light spectrum, enabling this sort of analysis. It chops the electromagnetic spectrum up into “bands”, and measures how strongly wavelengths in each of those bands is reflected:</p>
<p><img src="images/S2_bands.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>We’ll be using this satellite to distinguish between oil and other materials, similar to the way we were able to distinguish between real and fake grass at Gilette Stadium. First, we’ll have to do a bit of pre-processing on the Sentinel-2 imagery after which we’ll train a machine learning model to identify oil.</p>
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<p>Finally, time There is often a tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolution.</p>
<p>The Google Maps basemap is very high resolution, available globally, and is freely available. But it has no <em>temporal</em> dimension: it’s a snapshot from one particular point in time. If the thing we’re interested in involves <em>changes</em> over time, this basemap will be of limited use.</p>
<p>The <strong>“revisit rate”</strong> is the time it takes a satellite to image the same point on earth</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2">Sentinel 2</a>: 5 days</li>
<li><a href="https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/satellites/landsat-9/#:~:text=Landsat%209%20replaces%20Landsat%207,for%20Landsat%208%20%2B%20Landsat%207.">Landsat 9</a>: 8 days</li>
<li><a href="https://www.planet.com/pulse/12x-rapid-revisit-announcement/">Planet SkySat</a>: 2-3 hours</li>
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<p><a href="https://githubtocolab.com/giswqs/geemap/blob/master/examples/notebooks/04_split_panel_map.ipynb" target="_parent"><img src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open in Colab"></a></p>
<p>Uncomment the following line to install <a href="https://geemap.org">geemap</a> if needed.</p>
<pre class="{python}"><code>from ipyleaflet import Map, Marker, basemaps, basemap_to_tiles
m = Map(
basemap=basemap_to_tiles(
basemaps.NASAGIBS.ModisTerraTrueColorCR, "2017-04-08"
),
center=(52.204793, 360.121558),
zoom=4
)
m.add_layer(Marker(location=(52.204793, 360.121558)))
m</code></pre>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> geemap</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>geemap.show_youtube(<span class="st">'9EUTX8j-YVM'</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map <span class="op">=</span> geemap.Map()</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.split_map()</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map <span class="op">=</span> geemap.Map()</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.split_map(left_layer<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'HYBRID'</span>, right_layer<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'ROADMAP'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>basemaps <span class="op">=</span> geemap.basemaps.keys()</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(basemaps)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> basemap <span class="kw">in</span> basemaps:</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="bu">print</span>(basemap)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map <span class="op">=</span> geemap.Map()</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.split_map(</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> left_layer<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'NLCD 2016 CONUS Land Cover'</span>, right_layer<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'NLCD 2001 CONUS Land Cover'</span></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ee</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/USGS_NLCD</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>collection <span class="op">=</span> ee.ImageCollection(<span class="st">"USGS/NLCD"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(collection.aggregate_array(<span class="st">'system:id'</span>).getInfo())</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>nlcd_2001 <span class="op">=</span> ee.Image(<span class="st">'USGS/NLCD/NLCD2001'</span>).select(<span class="st">'landcover'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>nlcd_2016 <span class="op">=</span> ee.Image(<span class="st">'USGS/NLCD/NLCD2016'</span>).select(<span class="st">'landcover'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>left_layer <span class="op">=</span> geemap.ee_tile_layer(nlcd_2001, {}, <span class="st">'NLCD 2001'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>right_layer <span class="op">=</span> geemap.ee_tile_layer(nlcd_2016, {}, <span class="st">'NLCD 2016'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb12-6"><a href="#cb12-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb12-7"><a href="#cb12-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map <span class="op">=</span> geemap.Map()</span>
<span id="cb12-8"><a href="#cb12-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.split_map(left_layer, right_layer)</span>
<span id="cb12-9"><a href="#cb12-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<li><a href="#import-geemap-library" id="toc-import-geemap-library" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#import-geemap-library"><span class="toc-section-number">6.1</span> Import geemap library</a></li>
<li><a href="#create-an-interactive-map" id="toc-create-an-interactive-map" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#create-an-interactive-map"><span class="toc-section-number">6.2</span> Create an interactive map</a></li>
<li><a href="#add-earth-engine-data" id="toc-add-earth-engine-data" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#add-earth-engine-data"><span class="toc-section-number">6.3</span> Add Earth Engine data</a></li>
<li><a href="#display-the-map" id="toc-display-the-map" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#display-the-map"><span class="toc-section-number">6.4</span> Display the map</a></li>
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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block"><span class="chapter-number">6</span>&nbsp; <span class="chapter-title">Install geemap</span></h1>
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<table class="ee-notebook-buttons" align="left">
<tbody><tr><td>
<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/giswqs/earthengine-py-notebooks/tree/master/Template/geemap_colab.ipynb"><img width="32px" src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/GitHub-Mark-32px.png"> View source on GitHub</a>
</td>
<td>
<a target="_blank" href="https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/giswqs/earthengine-py-notebooks/blob/master/Template/geemap_colab.ipynb"><img width="26px" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jupyter_logo.svg/883px-Jupyter_logo.svg.png">Notebook Viewer</a>
</td>
<td>
<a target="_blank" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/giswqs/earthengine-py-notebooks/blob/master/Template/geemap_colab.ipynb"><img src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/colab_logo_32px.png"> Run in Google Colab</a>
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<div class="cell" data-outputid="6ab93686-cecb-4a30-fd55-fc781370ace7" data-execution_count="1">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">!</span>pip install geemap</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://us-python.pkg.dev/colab-wheels/public/simple/
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Downloading ratelim-0.1.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl (4.0 kB)
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Collecting notebook-shim&gt;=0.1.0
Downloading notebook_shim-0.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (13 kB)
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Building wheels for collected packages: ee-extra, sankee, pycrs
Building wheel for ee-extra (setup.py) ... done
Created wheel for ee-extra: filename=ee_extra-0.0.14-py3-none-any.whl size=209114 sha256=84c43ef88c7184c5afb39b6928c62fcea68f3f279cee5e9c01e3610e3f82d4b4
Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/50/1f/56/c638a525bcb6972c82e422747430d756edea7d57b539229bb3
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Created wheel for sankee: filename=sankee-0.2.0-py3-none-any.whl size=28745 sha256=a84564bd97ad102e0089fcfdd93a3fc2ca133b2f39c7ddd45199fdab4ca650d7
Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/36/b4/ac/84c3f06e5c44d3fe5029713232438862881e6e1f26657d5fd8
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Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/3e/ce/32/1ec0aba6b9770681a423e82f0274c57d09ad2c20c2864901f9
Successfully built ee-extra sankee pycrs
Installing collected packages: traitlets, tornado, soupsieve, nest-asyncio, jedi, tinycss2, nbclient, mistune, jupyterlab-pygments, jinja2, beautifulsoup4, sniffio, nbconvert, argon2-cffi-bindings, websocket-client, prometheus-client, argon2-cffi, anyio, jupyter-server, notebook-shim, json5, xyzservices, whitebox, traittypes, ratelim, nbclassic, logzero, jupyterlab-server, ipytree, ipyfilechooser, whiteboxgui, scooby, sankee, python-box, pyshp, pycrs, jupyterlab, ipyleaflet, ipyevents, geojson, geocoder, geeadd, ffmpeg-python, ee-extra, colour, bqplot, geemap
Attempting uninstall: traitlets
Found existing installation: traitlets 5.1.1
Uninstalling traitlets-5.1.1:
Successfully uninstalled traitlets-5.1.1
Attempting uninstall: tornado
Found existing installation: tornado 5.1.1
Uninstalling tornado-5.1.1:
Successfully uninstalled tornado-5.1.1
Attempting uninstall: mistune
Found existing installation: mistune 0.8.4
Uninstalling mistune-0.8.4:
Successfully uninstalled mistune-0.8.4
Attempting uninstall: jinja2
Found existing installation: Jinja2 2.11.3
Uninstalling Jinja2-2.11.3:
Successfully uninstalled Jinja2-2.11.3
Attempting uninstall: beautifulsoup4
Found existing installation: beautifulsoup4 4.6.3
Uninstalling beautifulsoup4-4.6.3:
Successfully uninstalled beautifulsoup4-4.6.3
Attempting uninstall: nbconvert
Found existing installation: nbconvert 5.6.1
Uninstalling nbconvert-5.6.1:
Successfully uninstalled nbconvert-5.6.1
ERROR: pip's dependency resolver does not currently take into account all the packages that are installed. This behaviour is the source of the following dependency conflicts.
google-colab 1.0.0 requires tornado~=5.1.0, but you have tornado 6.2 which is incompatible.
flask 1.1.4 requires Jinja2&lt;3.0,&gt;=2.10.1, but you have jinja2 3.1.2 which is incompatible.
Successfully installed anyio-3.6.1 argon2-cffi-21.3.0 argon2-cffi-bindings-21.2.0 beautifulsoup4-4.11.1 bqplot-0.12.36 colour-0.1.5 ee-extra-0.0.14 ffmpeg-python-0.2.0 geeadd-0.5.6 geemap-0.17.1 geocoder-1.38.1 geojson-2.5.0 ipyevents-2.0.1 ipyfilechooser-0.6.0 ipyleaflet-0.17.1 ipytree-0.2.2 jedi-0.18.1 jinja2-3.1.2 json5-0.9.10 jupyter-server-1.19.1 jupyterlab-3.4.8 jupyterlab-pygments-0.2.2 jupyterlab-server-2.15.2 logzero-1.7.0 mistune-2.0.4 nbclassic-0.4.4 nbclient-0.6.8 nbconvert-7.1.0 nest-asyncio-1.5.6 notebook-shim-0.1.0 prometheus-client-0.14.1 pycrs-1.0.2 pyshp-2.3.1 python-box-6.0.2 ratelim-0.1.6 sankee-0.2.0 scooby-0.6.0 sniffio-1.3.0 soupsieve-2.3.2.post1 tinycss2-1.1.1 tornado-6.2 traitlets-5.4.0 traittypes-0.2.1 websocket-client-1.4.1 whitebox-2.1.4 whiteboxgui-0.7.0 xyzservices-2022.9.0</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<pre><code>Unable to display output for mime type(s): application/vnd.colab-display-data+json</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<section id="import-geemap-library" class="level2" data-number="6.1">
<h2 data-number="6.1" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="import-geemap-library"><span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Import geemap library</h2>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/giswqs/geemap">geemap</a> Python package has two plotting backends: <a href="https://github.com/jupyter-widgets/ipyleaflet">ipyleaflet</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-visualization/folium">folium</a>. A key difference between folium and ipyleaflet is that ipyleaflet is built upon ipywidgets and allows bidirectional communication between the front-end and the backend enabling the use of the map to capture user input, while folium is meant for displaying static data only (<a href="https://blog.jupyter.org/interactive-gis-in-jupyter-with-ipyleaflet-52f9657fa7a">source</a>). Note that Google Colab currently does not support ipyleaflet (<a href="https://github.com/googlecolab/colabtools/issues/60#issuecomment-596225619">source</a>). Therefore, if you are using geemap with Google Colab, you should use <code>import geemap.eefolium as geemap</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> ee</span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="im">import</span> geemap.eefolium <span class="im">as</span> geemap</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="create-an-interactive-map" class="level2" data-number="6.2">
<h2 data-number="6.2" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="create-an-interactive-map"><span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> Create an interactive map</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map <span class="op">=</span> geemap.Map()</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Map</span></span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="add-earth-engine-data" class="level2" data-number="6.3">
<h2 data-number="6.3" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="add-earth-engine-data"><span class="header-section-number">6.3</span> Add Earth Engine data</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Add Earth Engine dataset</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>image <span class="op">=</span> ee.Image(<span class="st">'USGS/SRTMGL1_003'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Set visualization parameters.</span></span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>vis_params <span class="op">=</span> {</span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">'min'</span>: <span class="dv">0</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">'max'</span>: <span class="dv">4000</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">'palette'</span>: [<span class="st">'006633'</span>, <span class="st">'E5FFCC'</span>, <span class="st">'662A00'</span>, <span class="st">'D8D8D8'</span>, <span class="st">'F5F5F5'</span>]}</span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Print the elevation of Mount Everest.</span></span>
<span id="cb6-11"><a href="#cb6-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xy <span class="op">=</span> ee.Geometry.Point([<span class="fl">86.9250</span>, <span class="fl">27.9881</span>])</span>
<span id="cb6-12"><a href="#cb6-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>elev <span class="op">=</span> image.sample(xy, <span class="dv">30</span>).first().get(<span class="st">'elevation'</span>).getInfo()</span>
<span id="cb6-13"><a href="#cb6-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Mount Everest elevation (m):'</span>, elev)</span>
<span id="cb6-14"><a href="#cb6-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-15"><a href="#cb6-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Add Earth Engine layers to Map</span></span>
<span id="cb6-16"><a href="#cb6-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.addLayer(image, vis_params, <span class="st">'DEM'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-17"><a href="#cb6-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.addLayer(xy, {<span class="st">'color'</span>: <span class="st">'red'</span>}, <span class="st">'Mount Everest'</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-18"><a href="#cb6-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-19"><a href="#cb6-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Center the map based on an Earth Engine object or coordinates (longitude, latitude)</span></span>
<span id="cb6-20"><a href="#cb6-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Map.centerObject(xy, 4)</span></span>
<span id="cb6-21"><a href="#cb6-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.setCenter(<span class="fl">86.9250</span>, <span class="fl">27.9881</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="display-the-map" class="level2" data-number="6.4">
<h2 data-number="6.4" class="anchored" data-anchor-id="display-the-map"><span class="header-section-number">6.4</span> Display the map</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode python code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map.addLayerControl() </span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>Map</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block">Google Earth Engine for OSINT</h1>
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<p><a href="https://oballinger.github.io">Dr.&nbsp;Ollie Ballinger</a> </p>
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<section id="introduction" class="level1 unnumbered">
<h1 class="unnumbered">Introduction</h1>
<p>The analysis of satellite imagery is a foundational element of open source investigations. Though no-code platforms such as Sentinelhub have been invaluable in allowing the OSINT community to access and process satellite imagery, the analytical capabilities of these platforms are limited. <a href="https://earthengine.google.com/#intro">Google Earth Engine (GEE)</a> is a cloud-based platform that stores petabytes of satellite imagery from a variety of sources and allows users to perform advanced analyses on Google servers for free using a browser-based interface. This textbook is designed for investigators who want to perform more sophisticated analysis using geospatial data, and assumes no prior knowledge of coding or remote sensing (satellite imagery analysis). It is organized into four chapters:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Data Acquisition</li>
<li>Getting Started</li>
<li>Algorithms</li>
<li>Application Development</li>
<li>Case Studies</li>
</ol>
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<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="what-is-google-earth-engine">What is Google Earth Engine?</h2>
<p>As geospatial datasets—particularly satellite imagery collections—increase in size, researchers are increasingly relying on cloud computing platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) to analyze vast quantities of data.</p>
<p>GEE is free and allows users to write open-source code that can be run by others in one click, thereby yielding fully reproducible results. These features have put GEE on the cutting edge of scientific research. The following plot visualizes the number of journal articles conducted using different geospatial analysis software platforms:</p>
<p><img src="./images/WoS Articles.png" class="img-fluid"></p>
<p>Despite only being released in 2015, the number of geospatial journal articles using Google Earth Engine (shown in red above) has outpaced every other major geospatial analysis software, including ArcGIS, Python, and R in just five years. By storing and running computations on google servers, GEE is far more accessible to those who don’t have significant local computational resources; all you need is an internet connection.</p>
<p>GEE applications have been developed and used to present interactive geospatial data visualizations by NGOs, Universities, the United Nations, and the European Commission.</p>
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<p>This is a book created from markdown and executable code.</p>
<p>See <span class="citation" data-cites="knuth84">Knuth (<a href="references.html#ref-knuth84" role="doc-biblioref">1984</a>)</span> for additional discussion of literate programming.</p>
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Knuth, Donald E. 1984. <span>“Literate Programming.”</span> <em>Comput. J.</em> 27 (2): 97–111. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/27.2.97">https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/27.2.97</a>.
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const stylesheet = stylesheets[i];
stylesheet.rel = 'prefetch';
}
}
const enableStylesheet = (stylesheets) => {
for (let i=0; i < stylesheets.length; i++) {
const stylesheet = stylesheets[i];
stylesheet.rel = 'stylesheet';
}
}
const manageTransitions = (selector, allowTransitions) => {
const els = window.document.querySelectorAll(selector);
for (let i=0; i < els.length; i++) {
const el = els[i];
if (allowTransitions) {
el.classList.remove('notransition');
} else {
el.classList.add('notransition');
}
}
}
const toggleColorMode = (alternate) => {
// Switch the stylesheets
const alternateStylesheets = window.document.querySelectorAll('link.quarto-color-scheme.quarto-color-alternate');
manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', false);
if (alternate) {
enableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets);
for (const sheetNode of alternateStylesheets) {
if (sheetNode.id === "quarto-bootstrap") {
toggleBodyColorMode(sheetNode);
}
}
} else {
disableStylesheet(alternateStylesheets);
toggleBodyColorPrimary();
}
manageTransitions('#quarto-margin-sidebar .nav-link', true);
// Switch the toggles
const toggles = window.document.querySelectorAll('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle');
for (let i=0; i < toggles.length; i++) {
const toggle = toggles[i];
if (toggle) {
if (alternate) {
toggle.classList.add("alternate");
} else {
toggle.classList.remove("alternate");
}
}
}
// Hack to workaround the fact that safari doesn't
// properly recolor the scrollbar when toggling (#1455)
if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Safari') > 0 && navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome') == -1) {
manageTransitions("body", false);
window.scrollTo(0, 1);
setTimeout(() => {
window.scrollTo(0, 0);
manageTransitions("body", true);
}, 40);
}
}
const isFileUrl = () => {
return window.location.protocol === 'file:';
}
const hasAlternateSentinel = () => {
let styleSentinel = getColorSchemeSentinel();
if (styleSentinel !== null) {
return styleSentinel === "alternate";
} else {
return false;
}
}
const setStyleSentinel = (alternate) => {
const value = alternate ? "alternate" : "default";
if (!isFileUrl()) {
window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-color-scheme", value);
} else {
localAlternateSentinel = value;
}
}
const getColorSchemeSentinel = () => {
if (!isFileUrl()) {
const storageValue = window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-color-scheme");
return storageValue != null ? storageValue : localAlternateSentinel;
} else {
return localAlternateSentinel;
}
}
let localAlternateSentinel = 'alternate';
// Dark / light mode switch
window.quartoToggleColorScheme = () => {
// Read the current dark / light value
let toAlternate = !hasAlternateSentinel();
toggleColorMode(toAlternate);
setStyleSentinel(toAlternate);
};
// Ensure there is a toggle, if there isn't float one in the top right
if (window.document.querySelector('.quarto-color-scheme-toggle') === null) {
const a = window.document.createElement('a');
a.classList.add('top-right');
a.classList.add('quarto-color-scheme-toggle');
a.href = "";
a.onclick = function() { try { window.quartoToggleColorScheme(); } catch {} return false; };
const i = window.document.createElement("i");
i.classList.add('bi');
a.appendChild(i);
window.document.body.appendChild(a);
}
// Switch to dark mode if need be
if (hasAlternateSentinel()) {
toggleColorMode(true);
}
const icon = "";
const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS();
anchorJS.options = {
placement: 'right',
icon: icon
};
anchorJS.add('.anchored');
const clipboard = new window.ClipboardJS('.code-copy-button', {
target: function(trigger) {
return trigger.previousElementSibling;
}
});
clipboard.on('success', function(e) {
// button target
const button = e.trigger;
// don't keep focus
button.blur();
// flash "checked"
button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked');
var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title");
button.setAttribute("title", "Copied!");
setTimeout(function() {
button.setAttribute("title", currentTitle);
button.classList.remove('code-copy-button-checked');
}, 1000);
// clear code selection
e.clearSelection();
});
function tippyHover(el, contentFn) {
const config = {
allowHTML: true,
content: contentFn,
maxWidth: 500,
delay: 100,
arrow: false,
appendTo: function(el) {
return el.parentElement;
},
interactive: true,
interactiveBorder: 10,
theme: 'quarto',
placement: 'bottom-start'
};
window.tippy(el, config);
}
const noterefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-noteref"]');
for (var i=0; i<noterefs.length; i++) {
const ref = noterefs[i];
tippyHover(ref, function() {
// use id or data attribute instead here
let href = ref.getAttribute('data-footnote-href') || ref.getAttribute('href');
try { href = new URL(href).hash; } catch {}
const id = href.replace(/^#\/?/, "");
const note = window.document.getElementById(id);
return note.innerHTML;
});
}
var bibliorefs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[role="doc-biblioref"]');
for (var i=0; i<bibliorefs.length; i++) {
const ref = bibliorefs[i];
const cites = ref.parentNode.getAttribute('data-cites').split(' ');
tippyHover(ref, function() {
var popup = window.document.createElement('div');
cites.forEach(function(cite) {
var citeDiv = window.document.createElement('div');
citeDiv.classList.add('hanging-indent');
citeDiv.classList.add('csl-entry');
var biblioDiv = window.document.getElementById('ref-' + cite);
if (biblioDiv) {
citeDiv.innerHTML = biblioDiv.innerHTML;
}
popup.appendChild(citeDiv);
});
return popup.innerHTML;
});
}
});
</script>
<nav class="page-navigation">
<div class="nav-page nav-page-previous">
<a href="./RojavaRefineries.html" class="pagination-link">
<i class="bi bi-arrow-left-short"></i> <span class="nav-page-text">Refinery Detection</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="nav-page nav-page-next">
</div>
</nav>
</div> <!-- /content -->
</body></html>

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/**
* String.prototype.replaceAll() polyfill
* https://gomakethings.com/how-to-replace-a-section-of-a-string-with-another-one-with-vanilla-js/
* @author Chris Ferdinandi
* @license MIT
*/
if (!String.prototype.replaceAll) {
String.prototype.replaceAll = function (str, newStr) {
// If a regex pattern
if (
Object.prototype.toString.call(str).toLowerCase() === "[object regexp]"
) {
return this.replace(str, newStr);
}
// If a string
return this.replace(new RegExp(str, "g"), newStr);
};
}
mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: false });
const _quartoMermaid = {
// NB: there's effectively a copy of this function
// in `core/svg.ts`.
// if you change something here, you must keep it consistent there as well.
setSvgSize(svg) {
const { widthInPoints, heightInPoints } = this.resolveSize(svg);
svg.setAttribute("width", widthInPoints);
svg.setAttribute("height", heightInPoints);
svg.style.maxWidth = null; // clear preset mermaid value.
},
// NB: there's effectively a copy of this function
// in `core/svg.ts`.
// if you change something here, you must keep it consistent there as well.
makeResponsive(svg) {
const width = svg.getAttribute("width");
if (width === null) {
throw new Error("Couldn't find SVG width");
}
const numWidth = Number(width.slice(0, -2));
if (numWidth > 650) {
changed = true;
svg.setAttribute("width", "100%");
svg.removeAttribute("height");
}
},
// NB: there's effectively a copy of this function
// in `core/svg.ts`.
// if you change something here, you must keep it consistent there as well.
fixupAlignment(svg, align) {
let style = svg.getAttribute("style") || "";
switch (align) {
case "left":
style = `${style} display: block; margin: auto auto auto 0`;
break;
case "right":
style = `${style} display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto`;
break;
case "center":
style = `${style} display: block; margin: auto auto auto auto`;
break;
}
svg.setAttribute("style", style);
},
resolveOptions(svgEl) {
return svgEl.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement
.dataset;
},
// NB: there's effectively a copy of this function
// in our mermaid runtime in `core/svg.ts`.
// if you change something here, you must keep it consistent there as well.
resolveSize(svgEl) {
const inInches = (size) => {
if (size.endsWith("in")) {
return Number(size.slice(0, -2));
}
if (size.endsWith("pt") || size.endsWith("px")) {
// assume 96 dpi for now
return Number(size.slice(0, -2)) / 96;
}
return Number(size);
};
// these are figWidth and figHeight on purpose,
// because data attributes are translated to camelCase by the DOM API
const kFigWidth = "figWidth",
kFigHeight = "figHeight";
const options = this.resolveOptions(svgEl);
const width = svgEl.getAttribute("width");
const height = svgEl.getAttribute("height");
if (!width || !height) {
// attempt to resolve figure dimensions via viewBox
throw new Error("Internal error: couldn't find figure dimensions");
}
const getViewBox = () => {
const vb = svgEl.attributes.getNamedItem("viewBox").value; // do it the roundabout way so that viewBox isn't dropped by deno_dom and text/html
if (!vb) return undefined;
const lst = vb.trim().split(" ").map(Number);
if (lst.length !== 4) return undefined;
if (lst.some(isNaN)) return undefined;
return lst;
};
let svgWidthInInches, svgHeightInInches;
if (
(width.slice(0, -2) === "pt" && height.slice(0, -2) === "pt") ||
(width.slice(0, -2) === "px" && height.slice(0, -2) === "px") ||
(!isNaN(Number(width)) && !isNaN(Number(height)))
) {
// we assume 96 dpi which is generally what seems to be used.
svgWidthInInches = Number(width.slice(0, -2)) / 96;
svgHeightInInches = Number(height.slice(0, -2)) / 96;
}
const viewBox = getViewBox();
if (viewBox !== undefined) {
// assume width and height come from viewbox.
const [_mx, _my, vbWidth, vbHeight] = viewBox;
svgWidthInInches = vbWidth / 96;
svgHeightInInches = vbHeight / 96;
} else {
throw new Error(
"Internal Error: Couldn't resolve width and height of SVG"
);
}
const svgWidthOverHeight = svgWidthInInches / svgHeightInInches;
let widthInInches, heightInInches;
if (options[kFigWidth] && options[kFigHeight]) {
// both were prescribed, so just go with them
widthInInches = inInches(String(options[kFigWidth]));
heightInInches = inInches(String(options[kFigHeight]));
} else if (options[kFigWidth]) {
// we were only given width, use that and adjust height based on aspect ratio;
widthInInches = inInches(String(options[kFigWidth]));
heightInInches = widthInInches / svgWidthOverHeight;
} else if (options[kFigHeight]) {
// we were only given height, use that and adjust width based on aspect ratio;
heightInInches = inInches(String(options[kFigHeight]));
widthInInches = heightInInches * svgWidthOverHeight;
} else {
// we were not given either, use svg's prescribed height
heightInInches = svgHeightInInches;
widthInInches = svgWidthInInches;
}
return {
widthInInches,
heightInInches,
widthInPoints: Math.round(widthInInches * 96),
heightInPoints: Math.round(heightInInches * 96),
};
},
postProcess(svg) {
const options = this.resolveOptions(svg);
if (
options.responsive &&
options["figWidth"] === undefined &&
options["figHeight"] === undefined
) {
this.makeResponsive(svg);
} else {
this.setSvgSize(svg);
}
if (options["reveal"]) {
this.fixupAlignment(svg, options["figAlign"] || "center");
}
},
};
// deno-lint-ignore no-window-prefix
window.addEventListener(
"load",
function () {
mermaid.init("div.cell-output-display pre.mermaid");
for (const svgEl of Array.from(
document.querySelectorAll("div.cell-output-display pre.mermaid svg")
)) {
_quartoMermaid.postProcess(svgEl);
}
},
false
);

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.mermaidTooltip {
position: absolute;
text-align: center;
max-width: 200px;
padding: 2px;
font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;
font-size: 12px;
background: #ffffde;
border: 1px solid #aaaa33;
border-radius: 2px;
pointer-events: none;
z-index: 1000;
}

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.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]{background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid rgba(0,8,16,.15);color:#333;box-shadow:0 4px 14px -2px rgba(0,8,16,.08)}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-backdrop{background-color:#fff}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-arrow:after,.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{content:"";position:absolute;z-index:-1}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-arrow:after{border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-top-color:#fff}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow:after{border-top-color:rgba(0,8,16,.2);border-width:7px 7px 0;top:17px;left:1px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=top]>.tippy-svg-arrow>svg{top:16px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=top]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{top:17px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-bottom-color:#fff;bottom:16px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow:after{border-bottom-color:rgba(0,8,16,.2);border-width:0 7px 7px;bottom:17px;left:1px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-svg-arrow>svg{bottom:16px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{bottom:17px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-left-color:#fff}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow:after{border-left-color:rgba(0,8,16,.2);border-width:7px 0 7px 7px;left:17px;top:1px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=left]>.tippy-svg-arrow>svg{left:11px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=left]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{left:12px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-right-color:#fff;right:16px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow:after{border-width:7px 7px 7px 0;right:17px;top:1px;border-right-color:rgba(0,8,16,.2)}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=right]>.tippy-svg-arrow>svg{right:11px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border][data-placement^=right]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{right:12px}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-svg-arrow{fill:#fff}.tippy-box[data-theme~=light-border]>.tippy-svg-arrow:after{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTYiIGhlaWdodD0iNiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj48cGF0aCBkPSJNMCA2czEuNzk2LS4wMTMgNC42Ny0zLjYxNUM1Ljg1MS45IDYuOTMuMDA2IDggMGMxLjA3LS4wMDYgMi4xNDguODg3IDMuMzQzIDIuMzg1QzE0LjIzMyA2LjAwNSAxNiA2IDE2IDZIMHoiIGZpbGw9InJnYmEoMCwgOCwgMTYsIDAuMikiLz48L3N2Zz4=);background-size:16px 6px;width:16px;height:6px}

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.top-right{position:absolute;top:1em;right:1em}.hidden{display:none !important}.quarto-layout-panel{margin-bottom:1em}.quarto-layout-panel>figure{width:100%}.quarto-layout-panel>figure>figcaption,.quarto-layout-panel>.panel-caption{margin-top:10pt}.quarto-layout-panel>.table-caption{margin-top:0px}.table-caption p{margin-bottom:.5em}.quarto-layout-row{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start}.quarto-layout-valign-top{align-items:flex-start}.quarto-layout-valign-bottom{align-items:flex-end}.quarto-layout-valign-center{align-items:center}.quarto-layout-cell{position:relative;margin-right:20px}.quarto-layout-cell:last-child{margin-right:0}.quarto-layout-cell figure,.quarto-layout-cell>p{margin:.2em}.quarto-layout-cell img{max-width:100%}.quarto-layout-cell .html-widget{width:100% !important}.quarto-layout-cell div figure p{margin:0}.quarto-layout-cell figure{display:inline-block;margin-inline-start:0;margin-inline-end:0}.quarto-layout-cell table{display:inline-table}.quarto-layout-cell-subref figcaption,figure .quarto-layout-row figure figcaption{text-align:center;font-style:italic}.quarto-figure{position:relative;margin-bottom:1em}.quarto-figure>figure{width:100%;margin-bottom:0}.quarto-figure-left>figure>p{text-align:left}.quarto-figure-center>figure>p{text-align:center}.quarto-figure-right>figure>p{text-align:right}figure>p:empty{display:none}figure>p:first-child{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}figure>figcaption{margin-top:.5em}div[id^=tbl-]{position:relative}.quarto-figure>.anchorjs-link,div[id^=tbl-]>.anchorjs-link{position:absolute;top:0;right:0}.quarto-figure:hover>.anchorjs-link,div[id^=tbl-]:hover>.anchorjs-link,h2:hover>.anchorjs-link,h3:hover>.anchorjs-link,h4:hover>.anchorjs-link,h5:hover>.anchorjs-link,h6:hover>.anchorjs-link,.reveal-anchorjs-link>.anchorjs-link{opacity:1}#title-block-header{margin-block-end:1rem;position:relative;margin-top:-1px}#title-block-header .abstract{margin-block-start:1rem}#title-block-header .abstract .abstract-title{font-weight:600}#title-block-header a{text-decoration:none}#title-block-header .author,#title-block-header .date,#title-block-header .doi{margin-block-end:.2rem}#title-block-header .quarto-title-block>div{display:flex}#title-block-header .quarto-title-block>div>h1{flex-grow:1}#title-block-header .quarto-title-block>div>button{flex-shrink:0;height:2.25rem;margin-top:0}tr.header>th>p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0px}table,.table{caption-side:top;margin-bottom:1.5rem}caption,.table-caption{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;text-align:center}.utterances{max-width:none;margin-left:-8px}iframe{margin-bottom:1em}details{margin-bottom:1em}details[show]{margin-bottom:0}details>summary{color:#6f6f6f}details>summary>p:only-child{display:inline}pre.sourceCode,code.sourceCode{position:relative}code{white-space:pre}@media print{code{white-space:pre-wrap}}pre>code{display:block}pre>code.sourceCode{white-space:pre}pre>code.sourceCode>span>a:first-child::before{text-decoration:none}pre.code-overflow-wrap>code.sourceCode{white-space:pre-wrap}pre.code-overflow-scroll>code.sourceCode{white-space:pre}code a:any-link{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}code a:hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline}ul.task-list{padding-left:1em}[data-tippy-root]{display:inline-block}.tippy-content .footnote-back{display:none}.quarto-embedded-source-code{display:none}.quarto-unresolved-ref{font-weight:600}.quarto-cover-image{max-width:35%;float:right;margin-left:30px}.cell-output-display .widget-subarea{margin-bottom:1em}.cell-output-display:not(.no-overflow-x){overflow-x:auto}.panel-input{margin-bottom:1em}.panel-input>div,.panel-input>div>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;padding-right:12px}.panel-input>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.layout-sidebar{margin-bottom:1em}.layout-sidebar .tab-content{border:none}.tab-content>.page-columns.active{display:grid}div.sourceCode>iframe{width:100%;height:300px;margin-bottom:-0.5em}div.ansi-escaped-output{font-family:monospace;display:block}/*!
*
* ansi colors from IPython notebook's
*
*/.ansi-black-fg{color:#3e424d}.ansi-black-bg{background-color:#3e424d}.ansi-black-intense-fg{color:#282c36}.ansi-black-intense-bg{background-color:#282c36}.ansi-red-fg{color:#e75c58}.ansi-red-bg{background-color:#e75c58}.ansi-red-intense-fg{color:#b22b31}.ansi-red-intense-bg{background-color:#b22b31}.ansi-green-fg{color:#00a250}.ansi-green-bg{background-color:#00a250}.ansi-green-intense-fg{color:#007427}.ansi-green-intense-bg{background-color:#007427}.ansi-yellow-fg{color:#ddb62b}.ansi-yellow-bg{background-color:#ddb62b}.ansi-yellow-intense-fg{color:#b27d12}.ansi-yellow-intense-bg{background-color:#b27d12}.ansi-blue-fg{color:#208ffb}.ansi-blue-bg{background-color:#208ffb}.ansi-blue-intense-fg{color:#0065ca}.ansi-blue-intense-bg{background-color:#0065ca}.ansi-magenta-fg{color:#d160c4}.ansi-magenta-bg{background-color:#d160c4}.ansi-magenta-intense-fg{color:#a03196}.ansi-magenta-intense-bg{background-color:#a03196}.ansi-cyan-fg{color:#60c6c8}.ansi-cyan-bg{background-color:#60c6c8}.ansi-cyan-intense-fg{color:#258f8f}.ansi-cyan-intense-bg{background-color:#258f8f}.ansi-white-fg{color:#c5c1b4}.ansi-white-bg{background-color:#c5c1b4}.ansi-white-intense-fg{color:#a1a6b2}.ansi-white-intense-bg{background-color:#a1a6b2}.ansi-default-inverse-fg{color:#fff}.ansi-default-inverse-bg{background-color:#000}.ansi-bold{font-weight:bold}.ansi-underline{text-decoration:underline}:root{--quarto-body-bg: #fff;--quarto-body-color: #222;--quarto-text-muted: #6f6f6f;--quarto-border-color: #6f6f6f;--quarto-border-width: 1px;--quarto-border-radius: 4px}table.gt_table{color:var(--quarto-body-color);font-size:1em;width:100%;background-color:transparent;border-top-width:inherit;border-bottom-width:inherit;border-color:var(--quarto-border-color)}table.gt_table th.gt_col_heading{color:var(--quarto-body-color);font-weight:bold;background-color:transparent}table.gt_table thead.gt_col_headings{border-bottom:1px solid currentColor;border-top-width:inherit;border-top-color:var(--quarto-border-color)}table.gt_table thead.gt_col_headings:not(:first-child){border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var(--quarto-border-color)}table.gt_table td.gt_row{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--quarto-border-color);border-top-width:0px}table.gt_table tbody.gt_table_body{border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--quarto-border-color);border-top-color:currentColor}div.columns{display:initial;gap:initial}div.column{display:inline-block;overflow-x:initial;vertical-align:top;width:50%}@media print{:root{font-size:11pt}#quarto-sidebar,#TOC,.nav-page{display:none}.page-columns .content{grid-column-start:page-start}.fixed-top{position:relative}.panel-caption,.figure-caption,figcaption{color:#666}}.code-copy-button{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;border:0;margin-top:5px;margin-right:5px;background-color:transparent}.code-copy-button:focus{outline:none}.code-copy-button>.bi::before{display:inline-block;height:1rem;width:1rem;content:"";vertical-align:-0.125em;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="rgb(111, 111, 111)" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M4 1.5H3a2 2 0 0 0-2 2V14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h10a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V3.5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1v1h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h1v-1z"/><path d="M9.5 1a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v1a.5.5 0 0 1-.5.5h-3a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5v-1a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h3zm-3-1A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 1.5v1A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 4h3A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 11 2.5v-1A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 9.5 0h-3z"/></svg>');background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem 1rem}.code-copy-button-checked>.bi::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="rgb(111, 111, 111)" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.854 3.646a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .708l-7 7a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-3.5-3.5a.5.5 0 1 1 .708-.708L6.5 10.293l6.646-6.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0z"/></svg>')}.panel-tabset [role=tablist]{border-bottom:1px solid #dee2e6;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:100%}.panel-tabset [role=tablist] *{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}@media(min-width: 30em){.panel-tabset [role=tablist] li{display:inline-block}}.panel-tabset [role=tab]{border:1px solid transparent;border-top-color:#dee2e6;display:block;padding:.5em 1em;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width: 30em){.panel-tabset [role=tab]{border-top-color:transparent;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-1px}}.panel-tabset [role=tab][aria-selected=true]{background-color:#dee2e6}@media(min-width: 30em){.panel-tabset [role=tab][aria-selected=true]{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #dee2e6;border-bottom-color:#fff}}@media(min-width: 30em){.panel-tabset [role=tab]:hover:not([aria-selected=true]){border:1px solid #dee2e6}}.img-fluid{max-width:100%;height:auto}/*# sourceMappingURL=a4638973cf70a2f54e55dcb7a1b95208.css.map */

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/* quarto syntax highlight colors */
:root {
--quarto-hl-al-color: #f07178;
--quarto-hl-an-color: #d4d0ab;
--quarto-hl-at-color: #00e0e0;
--quarto-hl-bn-color: #d4d0ab;
--quarto-hl-bu-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-ch-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-co-color: #f8f8f2;
--quarto-hl-cv-color: #ffd700;
--quarto-hl-cn-color: #ffd700;
--quarto-hl-cf-color: #ffa07a;
--quarto-hl-dt-color: #ffa07a;
--quarto-hl-dv-color: #d4d0ab;
--quarto-hl-do-color: #f8f8f2;
--quarto-hl-er-color: #f07178;
--quarto-hl-ex-color: #00e0e0;
--quarto-hl-fl-color: #d4d0ab;
--quarto-hl-fu-color: #ffa07a;
--quarto-hl-im-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-in-color: #d4d0ab;
--quarto-hl-kw-color: #ffa07a;
--quarto-hl-op-color: #ffa07a;
--quarto-hl-ot-color: #00e0e0;
--quarto-hl-pp-color: #dcc6e0;
--quarto-hl-re-color: #00e0e0;
--quarto-hl-sc-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-ss-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-st-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-va-color: #00e0e0;
--quarto-hl-vs-color: #abe338;
--quarto-hl-wa-color: #dcc6e0;
}
/* other quarto variables */
:root {
--quarto-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
}
code span.al {
font-weight: bold;
color: #f07178;
}
code span.an {
color: #d4d0ab;
}
code span.at {
color: #00e0e0;
}
code span.bn {
color: #d4d0ab;
}
code span.bu {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.ch {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.co {
font-style: italic;
color: #f8f8f2;
}
code span.cv {
color: #ffd700;
}
code span.cn {
color: #ffd700;
}
code span.cf {
font-weight: bold;
color: #ffa07a;
}
code span.dt {
color: #ffa07a;
}
code span.dv {
color: #d4d0ab;
}
code span.do {
color: #f8f8f2;
}
code span.er {
color: #f07178;
text-decoration: underline;
}
code span.ex {
font-weight: bold;
color: #00e0e0;
}
code span.fl {
color: #d4d0ab;
}
code span.fu {
color: #ffa07a;
}
code span.im {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.in {
color: #d4d0ab;
}
code span.kw {
font-weight: bold;
color: #ffa07a;
}
pre > code.sourceCode > span {
color: #f8f8f2;
}
code span {
color: #f8f8f2;
}
code.sourceCode > span {
color: #f8f8f2;
}
div.sourceCode,
div.sourceCode pre.sourceCode {
color: #f8f8f2;
}
code span.op {
color: #ffa07a;
}
code span.ot {
color: #00e0e0;
}
code span.pp {
color: #dcc6e0;
}
code span.re {
color: #00e0e0;
}
code span.sc {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.ss {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.st {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.va {
color: #00e0e0;
}
code span.vs {
color: #abe338;
}
code span.wa {
color: #dcc6e0;
}
.prevent-inlining {
content: "</";
}
/*# sourceMappingURL=935a306eefa94366c21e1a970dddb765.css.map */

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/* quarto syntax highlight colors */
:root {
--quarto-hl-ot-color: #003B4F;
--quarto-hl-at-color: #657422;
--quarto-hl-ss-color: #20794D;
--quarto-hl-an-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-fu-color: #4758AB;
--quarto-hl-st-color: #20794D;
--quarto-hl-cf-color: #003B4F;
--quarto-hl-op-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-er-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-bn-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-al-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-va-color: #111111;
--quarto-hl-bu-color: inherit;
--quarto-hl-ex-color: inherit;
--quarto-hl-pp-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-in-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-vs-color: #20794D;
--quarto-hl-wa-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-do-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-im-color: #00769E;
--quarto-hl-ch-color: #20794D;
--quarto-hl-dt-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-fl-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-co-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-cv-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-cn-color: #8f5902;
--quarto-hl-sc-color: #5E5E5E;
--quarto-hl-dv-color: #AD0000;
--quarto-hl-kw-color: #003B4F;
}
/* other quarto variables */
:root {
--quarto-font-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
}
pre > code.sourceCode > span {
color: #003B4F;
}
code span {
color: #003B4F;
}
code.sourceCode > span {
color: #003B4F;
}
div.sourceCode,
div.sourceCode pre.sourceCode {
color: #003B4F;
}
code span.ot {
color: #003B4F;
}
code span.at {
color: #657422;
}
code span.ss {
color: #20794D;
}
code span.an {
color: #5E5E5E;
}
code span.fu {
color: #4758AB;
}
code span.st {
color: #20794D;
}
code span.cf {
color: #003B4F;
}
code span.op {
color: #5E5E5E;
}
code span.er {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.bn {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.al {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.va {
color: #111111;
}
code span.pp {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.in {
color: #5E5E5E;
}
code span.vs {
color: #20794D;
}
code span.wa {
color: #5E5E5E;
font-style: italic;
}
code span.do {
color: #5E5E5E;
font-style: italic;
}
code span.im {
color: #00769E;
}
code span.ch {
color: #20794D;
}
code span.dt {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.fl {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.co {
color: #5E5E5E;
}
code span.cv {
color: #5E5E5E;
font-style: italic;
}
code span.cn {
color: #8f5902;
}
code span.sc {
color: #5E5E5E;
}
code span.dv {
color: #AD0000;
}
code span.kw {
color: #003B4F;
}
.prevent-inlining {
content: "</";
}
/*# sourceMappingURL=debc5d5d77c3f9108843748ff7464032.css.map */

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const sectionChanged = new CustomEvent("quarto-sectionChanged", {
detail: {},
bubbles: true,
cancelable: false,
composed: false,
});
window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (_event) {
const tocEl = window.document.querySelector('nav.toc-active[role="doc-toc"]');
const sidebarEl = window.document.getElementById("quarto-sidebar");
const leftTocEl = window.document.getElementById("quarto-sidebar-toc-left");
const marginSidebarEl = window.document.getElementById(
"quarto-margin-sidebar"
);
// function to determine whether the element has a previous sibling that is active
const prevSiblingIsActiveLink = (el) => {
const sibling = el.previousElementSibling;
if (sibling && sibling.tagName === "A") {
return sibling.classList.contains("active");
} else {
return false;
}
};
// fire slideEnter for bootstrap tab activations (for htmlwidget resize behavior)
function fireSlideEnter(e) {
const event = window.document.createEvent("Event");
event.initEvent("slideenter", true, true);
window.document.dispatchEvent(event);
}
const tabs = window.document.querySelectorAll('a[data-bs-toggle="tab"]');
tabs.forEach((tab) => {
tab.addEventListener("shown.bs.tab", fireSlideEnter);
});
// Track scrolling and mark TOC links as active
// get table of contents and sidebar (bail if we don't have at least one)
const tocLinks = tocEl
? [...tocEl.querySelectorAll("a[data-scroll-target]")]
: [];
const makeActive = (link) => tocLinks[link].classList.add("active");
const removeActive = (link) => tocLinks[link].classList.remove("active");
const removeAllActive = () =>
[...Array(tocLinks.length).keys()].forEach((link) => removeActive(link));
// activate the anchor for a section associated with this TOC entry
tocLinks.forEach((link) => {
link.addEventListener("click", () => {
if (link.href.indexOf("#") !== -1) {
const anchor = link.href.split("#")[1];
const heading = window.document.querySelector(
`[data-anchor-id=${anchor}]`
);
if (heading) {
// Add the class
heading.classList.add("reveal-anchorjs-link");
// function to show the anchor
const handleMouseout = () => {
heading.classList.remove("reveal-anchorjs-link");
heading.removeEventListener("mouseout", handleMouseout);
};
// add a function to clear the anchor when the user mouses out of it
heading.addEventListener("mouseout", handleMouseout);
}
}
});
});
const sections = tocLinks.map((link) => {
const target = link.getAttribute("data-scroll-target");
if (target.startsWith("#")) {
return window.document.getElementById(decodeURI(`${target.slice(1)}`));
} else {
return window.document.querySelector(decodeURI(`${target}`));
}
});
const sectionMargin = 200;
let currentActive = 0;
// track whether we've initialized state the first time
let init = false;
const updateActiveLink = () => {
// The index from bottom to top (e.g. reversed list)
let sectionIndex = -1;
if (
window.innerHeight + window.pageYOffset >=
window.document.body.offsetHeight
) {
sectionIndex = 0;
} else {
sectionIndex = [...sections].reverse().findIndex((section) => {
if (section) {
return window.pageYOffset >= section.offsetTop - sectionMargin;
} else {
return false;
}
});
}
if (sectionIndex > -1) {
const current = sections.length - sectionIndex - 1;
if (current !== currentActive) {
removeAllActive();
currentActive = current;
makeActive(current);
if (init) {
window.dispatchEvent(sectionChanged);
}
init = true;
}
}
};
const inHiddenRegion = (top, bottom, hiddenRegions) => {
for (const region of hiddenRegions) {
if (top <= region.bottom && bottom >= region.top) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
};
const categorySelector = "header.quarto-title-block .quarto-category";
const activateCategories = (href) => {
// Find any categories
// Surround them with a link pointing back to:
// #category=Authoring
try {
const categoryEls = window.document.querySelectorAll(categorySelector);
for (const categoryEl of categoryEls) {
const categoryText = categoryEl.textContent;
if (categoryText) {
const link = `${href}#category=${encodeURIComponent(categoryText)}`;
const linkEl = window.document.createElement("a");
linkEl.setAttribute("href", link);
for (const child of categoryEl.childNodes) {
linkEl.append(child);
}
categoryEl.appendChild(linkEl);
}
}
} catch {
// Ignore errors
}
};
function hasTitleCategories() {
return window.document.querySelector(categorySelector) !== null;
}
function offsetRelativeUrl(url) {
const offset = getMeta("quarto:offset");
return offset ? offset + url : url;
}
function offsetAbsoluteUrl(url) {
const offset = getMeta("quarto:offset");
const baseUrl = new URL(offset, window.location);
const projRelativeUrl = url.replace(baseUrl, "");
if (projRelativeUrl.startsWith("/")) {
return projRelativeUrl;
} else {
return "/" + projRelativeUrl;
}
}
// read a meta tag value
function getMeta(metaName) {
const metas = window.document.getElementsByTagName("meta");
for (let i = 0; i < metas.length; i++) {
if (metas[i].getAttribute("name") === metaName) {
return metas[i].getAttribute("content");
}
}
return "";
}
async function findAndActivateCategories() {
const currentPagePath = offsetAbsoluteUrl(window.location.href);
const response = await fetch(offsetRelativeUrl("listings.json"));
if (response.status == 200) {
return response.json().then(function (listingPaths) {
const listingHrefs = [];
for (const listingPath of listingPaths) {
const pathWithoutLeadingSlash = listingPath.listing.substring(1);
for (const item of listingPath.items) {
if (
item === currentPagePath ||
item === currentPagePath + "index.html"
) {
// Resolve this path against the offset to be sure
// we already are using the correct path to the listing
// (this adjusts the listing urls to be rooted against
// whatever root the page is actually running against)
const relative = offsetRelativeUrl(pathWithoutLeadingSlash);
const baseUrl = window.location;
const resolvedPath = new URL(relative, baseUrl);
listingHrefs.push(resolvedPath.pathname);
break;
}
}
}
// Look up the tree for a nearby linting and use that if we find one
const nearestListing = findNearestParentListing(
offsetAbsoluteUrl(window.location.pathname),
listingHrefs
);
if (nearestListing) {
activateCategories(nearestListing);
} else {
// See if the referrer is a listing page for this item
const referredRelativePath = offsetAbsoluteUrl(document.referrer);
const referrerListing = listingHrefs.find((listingHref) => {
const isListingReferrer =
listingHref === referredRelativePath ||
listingHref === referredRelativePath + "index.html";
return isListingReferrer;
});
if (referrerListing) {
// Try to use the referrer if possible
activateCategories(referrerListing);
} else if (listingHrefs.length > 0) {
// Otherwise, just fall back to the first listing
activateCategories(listingHrefs[0]);
}
}
});
}
}
if (hasTitleCategories()) {
findAndActivateCategories();
}
const findNearestParentListing = (href, listingHrefs) => {
if (!href || !listingHrefs) {
return undefined;
}
// Look up the tree for a nearby linting and use that if we find one
const relativeParts = href.substring(1).split("/");
while (relativeParts.length > 0) {
const path = relativeParts.join("/");
for (const listingHref of listingHrefs) {
if (listingHref.startsWith(path)) {
return listingHref;
}
}
relativeParts.pop();
}
return undefined;
};
const manageSidebarVisiblity = (el, placeholderDescriptor) => {
let isVisible = true;
return (hiddenRegions) => {
if (el === null) {
return;
}
// Find the last element of the TOC
const lastChildEl = el.lastElementChild;
if (lastChildEl) {
// Find the top and bottom o the element that is being managed
const elTop = el.offsetTop;
const elBottom =
elTop + lastChildEl.offsetTop + lastChildEl.offsetHeight;
// Converts the sidebar to a menu
const convertToMenu = () => {
for (const child of el.children) {
child.style.opacity = 0;
child.style.overflow = "hidden";
}
const toggleContainer = window.document.createElement("div");
toggleContainer.style.width = "100%";
toggleContainer.classList.add("zindex-over-content");
toggleContainer.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle");
toggleContainer.classList.add("headroom-target"); // Marks this to be managed by headeroom
toggleContainer.id = placeholderDescriptor.id;
toggleContainer.style.position = "fixed";
const toggleIcon = window.document.createElement("i");
toggleIcon.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-icon");
toggleIcon.classList.add("bi");
toggleIcon.classList.add("bi-caret-down-fill");
const toggleTitle = window.document.createElement("div");
const titleEl = window.document.body.querySelector(
placeholderDescriptor.titleSelector
);
if (titleEl) {
toggleTitle.append(titleEl.innerText, toggleIcon);
}
toggleTitle.classList.add("zindex-over-content");
toggleTitle.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-title");
toggleContainer.append(toggleTitle);
const toggleContents = window.document.createElement("div");
toggleContents.classList = el.classList;
toggleContents.classList.add("zindex-over-content");
toggleContents.classList.add("quarto-sidebar-toggle-contents");
for (const child of el.children) {
if (child.id === "toc-title") {
continue;
}
const clone = child.cloneNode(true);
clone.style.opacity = 1;
clone.style.display = null;
toggleContents.append(clone);
}
toggleContents.style.height = "0px";
toggleContainer.append(toggleContents);
el.parentElement.prepend(toggleContainer);
// Process clicks
let tocShowing = false;
// Allow the caller to control whether this is dismissed
// when it is clicked (e.g. sidebar navigation supports
// opening and closing the nav tree, so don't dismiss on click)
const clickEl = placeholderDescriptor.dismissOnClick
? toggleContainer
: toggleTitle;
const closeToggle = () => {
if (tocShowing) {
toggleContainer.classList.remove("expanded");
toggleContents.style.height = "0px";
tocShowing = false;
}
};
const positionToggle = () => {
// position the element (top left of parent, same width as parent)
const elRect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
toggleContainer.style.left = `${elRect.left}px`;
toggleContainer.style.top = `${elRect.top}px`;
toggleContainer.style.width = `${elRect.width}px`;
};
// Get rid of any expanded toggle if the user scrolls
window.document.addEventListener(
"scroll",
throttle(() => {
closeToggle();
}, 50)
);
// Handle positioning of the toggle
window.addEventListener(
"resize",
throttle(() => {
positionToggle();
}, 50)
);
positionToggle();
// Process the click
clickEl.onclick = () => {
if (!tocShowing) {
toggleContainer.classList.add("expanded");
toggleContents.style.height = null;
tocShowing = true;
} else {
closeToggle();
}
};
};
// Converts a sidebar from a menu back to a sidebar
const convertToSidebar = () => {
for (const child of el.children) {
child.style.opacity = 1;
child.style.overflow = null;
}
const placeholderEl = window.document.getElementById(
placeholderDescriptor.id
);
if (placeholderEl) {
placeholderEl.remove();
}
el.classList.remove("rollup");
};
if (isReaderMode()) {
convertToMenu();
isVisible = false;
} else {
if (!isVisible) {
// If the element is current not visible reveal if there are
// no conflicts with overlay regions
if (!inHiddenRegion(elTop, elBottom, hiddenRegions)) {
convertToSidebar();
isVisible = true;
}
} else {
// If the element is visible, hide it if it conflicts with overlay regions
// and insert a placeholder toggle (or if we're in reader mode)
if (inHiddenRegion(elTop, elBottom, hiddenRegions)) {
convertToMenu();
isVisible = false;
}
}
}
}
};
};
// Find any conflicting margin elements and add margins to the
// top to prevent overlap
const marginChildren = window.document.querySelectorAll(
".column-margin.column-container > * "
);
let lastBottom = 0;
for (const marginChild of marginChildren) {
const top = marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().top;
if (top < lastBottom) {
const margin = lastBottom - top;
marginChild.style.marginTop = `${margin}px`;
}
const styles = window.getComputedStyle(marginChild);
const marginTop = parseFloat(styles["marginTop"]);
lastBottom = top + marginChild.getBoundingClientRect().height + marginTop;
}
// Manage the visibility of the toc and the sidebar
const marginScrollVisibility = manageSidebarVisiblity(marginSidebarEl, {
id: "quarto-toc-toggle",
titleSelector: "#toc-title",
dismissOnClick: true,
});
const sidebarScrollVisiblity = manageSidebarVisiblity(sidebarEl, {
id: "quarto-sidebarnav-toggle",
titleSelector: ".title",
dismissOnClick: false,
});
let tocLeftScrollVisibility;
if (leftTocEl) {
tocLeftScrollVisibility = manageSidebarVisiblity(leftTocEl, {
id: "quarto-lefttoc-toggle",
titleSelector: "#toc-title",
dismissOnClick: true,
});
}
// Find the first element that uses formatting in special columns
const conflictingEls = window.document.body.querySelectorAll(
'[class^="column-"], [class*=" column-"], aside, [class*="margin-caption"], [class*=" margin-caption"], [class*="margin-ref"], [class*=" margin-ref"]'
);
// Filter all the possibly conflicting elements into ones
// the do conflict on the left or ride side
const arrConflictingEls = Array.from(conflictingEls);
const leftSideConflictEls = arrConflictingEls.filter((el) => {
if (el.tagName === "ASIDE") {
return false;
}
return Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => {
return (
className !== "column-body" &&
className.startsWith("column-") &&
!className.endsWith("right") &&
!className.endsWith("container") &&
className !== "column-margin"
);
});
});
const rightSideConflictEls = arrConflictingEls.filter((el) => {
if (el.tagName === "ASIDE") {
return true;
}
const hasMarginCaption = Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => {
return className == "margin-caption";
});
if (hasMarginCaption) {
return true;
}
return Array.from(el.classList).find((className) => {
return (
className !== "column-body" &&
!className.endsWith("container") &&
className.startsWith("column-") &&
!className.endsWith("left")
);
});
});
const kOverlapPaddingSize = 10;
function toRegions(els) {
return els.map((el) => {
const top =
el.getBoundingClientRect().top +
document.documentElement.scrollTop -
kOverlapPaddingSize;
return {
top,
bottom: top + el.scrollHeight + 2 * kOverlapPaddingSize,
};
});
}
const hideOverlappedSidebars = () => {
marginScrollVisibility(toRegions(rightSideConflictEls));
sidebarScrollVisiblity(toRegions(leftSideConflictEls));
if (tocLeftScrollVisibility) {
tocLeftScrollVisibility(toRegions(leftSideConflictEls));
}
};
window.quartoToggleReader = () => {
// Applies a slow class (or removes it)
// to update the transition speed
const slowTransition = (slow) => {
const manageTransition = (id, slow) => {
const el = document.getElementById(id);
if (el) {
if (slow) {
el.classList.add("slow");
} else {
el.classList.remove("slow");
}
}
};
manageTransition("TOC", slow);
manageTransition("quarto-sidebar", slow);
};
const readerMode = !isReaderMode();
setReaderModeValue(readerMode);
// If we're entering reader mode, slow the transition
if (readerMode) {
slowTransition(readerMode);
}
highlightReaderToggle(readerMode);
hideOverlappedSidebars();
// If we're exiting reader mode, restore the non-slow transition
if (!readerMode) {
slowTransition(!readerMode);
}
};
const highlightReaderToggle = (readerMode) => {
const els = document.querySelectorAll(".quarto-reader-toggle");
if (els) {
els.forEach((el) => {
if (readerMode) {
el.classList.add("reader");
} else {
el.classList.remove("reader");
}
});
}
};
const setReaderModeValue = (val) => {
if (window.location.protocol !== "file:") {
window.localStorage.setItem("quarto-reader-mode", val);
} else {
localReaderMode = val;
}
};
const isReaderMode = () => {
if (window.location.protocol !== "file:") {
return window.localStorage.getItem("quarto-reader-mode") === "true";
} else {
return localReaderMode;
}
};
let localReaderMode = null;
// Walk the TOC and collapse/expand nodes
// Nodes are expanded if:
// - they are top level
// - they have children that are 'active' links
// - they are directly below an link that is 'active'
const walk = (el, depth) => {
// Tick depth when we enter a UL
if (el.tagName === "UL") {
depth = depth + 1;
}
// It this is active link
let isActiveNode = false;
if (el.tagName === "A" && el.classList.contains("active")) {
isActiveNode = true;
}
// See if there is an active child to this element
let hasActiveChild = false;
for (child of el.children) {
hasActiveChild = walk(child, depth) || hasActiveChild;
}
// Process the collapse state if this is an UL
if (el.tagName === "UL") {
if (depth === 1 || hasActiveChild || prevSiblingIsActiveLink(el)) {
el.classList.remove("collapse");
} else {
el.classList.add("collapse");
}
// untick depth when we leave a UL
depth = depth - 1;
}
return hasActiveChild || isActiveNode;
};
// walk the TOC and expand / collapse any items that should be shown
if (tocEl) {
walk(tocEl, 0);
updateActiveLink();
}
// Throttle the scroll event and walk peridiocally
window.document.addEventListener(
"scroll",
throttle(() => {
if (tocEl) {
updateActiveLink();
walk(tocEl, 0);
}
if (!isReaderMode()) {
hideOverlappedSidebars();
}
}, 5)
);
window.addEventListener(
"resize",
throttle(() => {
if (!isReaderMode()) {
hideOverlappedSidebars();
}
}, 10)
);
hideOverlappedSidebars();
highlightReaderToggle(isReaderMode());
});
// grouped tabsets
window.addEventListener("pageshow", (_event) => {
function getTabSettings() {
const data = localStorage.getItem("quarto-persistent-tabsets-data");
if (!data) {
localStorage.setItem("quarto-persistent-tabsets-data", "{}");
return {};
}
if (data) {
return JSON.parse(data);
}
}
function setTabSettings(data) {
localStorage.setItem(
"quarto-persistent-tabsets-data",
JSON.stringify(data)
);
}
function setTabState(groupName, groupValue) {
const data = getTabSettings();
data[groupName] = groupValue;
setTabSettings(data);
}
function toggleTab(tab, active) {
const tabPanelId = tab.getAttribute("aria-controls");
const tabPanel = document.getElementById(tabPanelId);
if (active) {
tab.classList.add("active");
tabPanel.classList.add("active");
} else {
tab.classList.remove("active");
tabPanel.classList.remove("active");
}
}
function toggleAll(selectedGroup, selectorsToSync) {
for (const [thisGroup, tabs] of Object.entries(selectorsToSync)) {
const active = selectedGroup === thisGroup;
for (const tab of tabs) {
toggleTab(tab, active);
}
}
}
function findSelectorsToSyncByLanguage() {
const result = {};
const tabs = Array.from(
document.querySelectorAll(`div[data-group] a[id^='tabset-']`)
);
for (const item of tabs) {
const div = item.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement;
const group = div.getAttribute("data-group");
if (!result[group]) {
result[group] = {};
}
const selectorsToSync = result[group];
const value = item.innerHTML;
if (!selectorsToSync[value]) {
selectorsToSync[value] = [];
}
selectorsToSync[value].push(item);
}
return result;
}
function setupSelectorSync() {
const selectorsToSync = findSelectorsToSyncByLanguage();
Object.entries(selectorsToSync).forEach(([group, tabSetsByValue]) => {
Object.entries(tabSetsByValue).forEach(([value, items]) => {
items.forEach((item) => {
item.addEventListener("click", (_event) => {
setTabState(group, value);
toggleAll(value, selectorsToSync[group]);
});
});
});
});
return selectorsToSync;
}
const selectorsToSync = setupSelectorSync();
for (const [group, selectedName] of Object.entries(getTabSettings())) {
const selectors = selectorsToSync[group];
// it's possible that stale state gives us empty selections, so we explicitly check here.
if (selectors) {
toggleAll(selectedName, selectors);
}
}
});
function throttle(func, wait) {
let waiting = false;
return function () {
if (!waiting) {
func.apply(this, arguments);
waiting = true;
setTimeout(function () {
waiting = false;
}, wait);
}
};
}

418
_book/site_libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js vendored Normal file
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(function (root, factory) {
if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
define([], function () {
return factory(root);
});
} else if (typeof exports === "object") {
module.exports = factory(root);
} else {
root.Tabby = factory(root);
}
})(
typeof global !== "undefined"
? global
: typeof window !== "undefined"
? window
: this,
function (window) {
"use strict";
//
// Variables
//
var defaults = {
idPrefix: "tabby-toggle_",
default: "[data-tabby-default]",
};
//
// Methods
//
/**
* Merge two or more objects together.
* @param {Object} objects The objects to merge together
* @returns {Object} Merged values of defaults and options
*/
var extend = function () {
var merged = {};
Array.prototype.forEach.call(arguments, function (obj) {
for (var key in obj) {
if (!obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) return;
merged[key] = obj[key];
}
});
return merged;
};
/**
* Emit a custom event
* @param {String} type The event type
* @param {Node} tab The tab to attach the event to
* @param {Node} details Details about the event
*/
var emitEvent = function (tab, details) {
// Create a new event
var event;
if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") {
event = new CustomEvent("tabby", {
bubbles: true,
cancelable: true,
detail: details,
});
} else {
event = document.createEvent("CustomEvent");
event.initCustomEvent("tabby", true, true, details);
}
// Dispatch the event
tab.dispatchEvent(event);
};
var focusHandler = function (event) {
toggle(event.target);
};
var getKeyboardFocusableElements = function (element) {
return [
...element.querySelectorAll(
'a[href], button, input, textarea, select, details,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])'
),
].filter(
(el) => !el.hasAttribute("disabled") && !el.getAttribute("aria-hidden")
);
};
/**
* Remove roles and attributes from a tab and its content
* @param {Node} tab The tab
* @param {Node} content The tab content
* @param {Object} settings User settings and options
*/
var destroyTab = function (tab, content, settings) {
// Remove the generated ID
if (tab.id.slice(0, settings.idPrefix.length) === settings.idPrefix) {
tab.id = "";
}
// remove event listener
tab.removeEventListener("focus", focusHandler, true);
// Remove roles
tab.removeAttribute("role");
tab.removeAttribute("aria-controls");
tab.removeAttribute("aria-selected");
tab.removeAttribute("tabindex");
tab.closest("li").removeAttribute("role");
content.removeAttribute("role");
content.removeAttribute("aria-labelledby");
content.removeAttribute("hidden");
};
/**
* Add the required roles and attributes to a tab and its content
* @param {Node} tab The tab
* @param {Node} content The tab content
* @param {Object} settings User settings and options
*/
var setupTab = function (tab, content, settings) {
// Give tab an ID if it doesn't already have one
if (!tab.id) {
tab.id = settings.idPrefix + content.id;
}
// Add roles
tab.setAttribute("role", "tab");
tab.setAttribute("aria-controls", content.id);
tab.closest("li").setAttribute("role", "presentation");
content.setAttribute("role", "tabpanel");
content.setAttribute("aria-labelledby", tab.id);
// Add selected state
if (tab.matches(settings.default)) {
tab.setAttribute("aria-selected", "true");
} else {
tab.setAttribute("aria-selected", "false");
content.setAttribute("hidden", "hidden");
}
// add focus event listender
tab.addEventListener("focus", focusHandler);
};
/**
* Hide a tab and its content
* @param {Node} newTab The new tab that's replacing it
*/
var hide = function (newTab) {
// Variables
var tabGroup = newTab.closest('[role="tablist"]');
if (!tabGroup) return {};
var tab = tabGroup.querySelector('[role="tab"][aria-selected="true"]');
if (!tab) return {};
var content = document.querySelector(tab.hash);
// Hide the tab
tab.setAttribute("aria-selected", "false");
// Hide the content
if (!content) return { previousTab: tab };
content.setAttribute("hidden", "hidden");
// Return the hidden tab and content
return {
previousTab: tab,
previousContent: content,
};
};
/**
* Show a tab and its content
* @param {Node} tab The tab
* @param {Node} content The tab content
*/
var show = function (tab, content) {
tab.setAttribute("aria-selected", "true");
content.removeAttribute("hidden");
tab.focus();
};
/**
* Toggle a new tab
* @param {Node} tab The tab to show
*/
var toggle = function (tab) {
// Make sure there's a tab to toggle and it's not already active
if (!tab || tab.getAttribute("aria-selected") == "true") return;
// Variables
var content = document.querySelector(tab.hash);
if (!content) return;
// Hide active tab and content
var details = hide(tab);
// Show new tab and content
show(tab, content);
// Add event details
details.tab = tab;
details.content = content;
// Emit a custom event
emitEvent(tab, details);
};
/**
* Get all of the tabs in a tablist
* @param {Node} tab A tab from the list
* @return {Object} The tabs and the index of the currently active one
*/
var getTabsMap = function (tab) {
var tabGroup = tab.closest('[role="tablist"]');
var tabs = tabGroup ? tabGroup.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]') : null;
if (!tabs) return;
return {
tabs: tabs,
index: Array.prototype.indexOf.call(tabs, tab),
};
};
/**
* Switch the active tab based on keyboard activity
* @param {Node} tab The currently active tab
* @param {Key} key The key that was pressed
*/
var switchTabs = function (tab, key) {
// Get a map of tabs
var map = getTabsMap(tab);
if (!map) return;
var length = map.tabs.length - 1;
var index;
// Go to previous tab
if (["ArrowUp", "ArrowLeft", "Up", "Left"].indexOf(key) > -1) {
index = map.index < 1 ? length : map.index - 1;
}
// Go to next tab
else if (["ArrowDown", "ArrowRight", "Down", "Right"].indexOf(key) > -1) {
index = map.index === length ? 0 : map.index + 1;
}
// Go to home
else if (key === "Home") {
index = 0;
}
// Go to end
else if (key === "End") {
index = length;
}
// Toggle the tab
toggle(map.tabs[index]);
};
/**
* Create the Constructor object
*/
var Constructor = function (selector, options) {
//
// Variables
//
var publicAPIs = {};
var settings, tabWrapper;
//
// Methods
//
publicAPIs.destroy = function () {
// Get all tabs
var tabs = tabWrapper.querySelectorAll("a");
// Add roles to tabs
Array.prototype.forEach.call(tabs, function (tab) {
// Get the tab content
var content = document.querySelector(tab.hash);
if (!content) return;
// Setup the tab
destroyTab(tab, content, settings);
});
// Remove role from wrapper
tabWrapper.removeAttribute("role");
// Remove event listeners
document.documentElement.removeEventListener(
"click",
clickHandler,
true
);
tabWrapper.removeEventListener("keydown", keyHandler, true);
// Reset variables
settings = null;
tabWrapper = null;
};
/**
* Setup the DOM with the proper attributes
*/
publicAPIs.setup = function () {
// Variables
tabWrapper = document.querySelector(selector);
if (!tabWrapper) return;
var tabs = tabWrapper.querySelectorAll("a");
// Add role to wrapper
tabWrapper.setAttribute("role", "tablist");
// Add roles to tabs. provide dynanmic tab indexes if we are within reveal
var contentTabindexes =
window.document.body.classList.contains("reveal-viewport");
var nextTabindex = 1;
Array.prototype.forEach.call(tabs, function (tab) {
if (contentTabindexes) {
tab.setAttribute("tabindex", "" + nextTabindex++);
} else {
tab.setAttribute("tabindex", "0");
}
// Get the tab content
var content = document.querySelector(tab.hash);
if (!content) return;
// set tab indexes for content
if (contentTabindexes) {
getKeyboardFocusableElements(content).forEach(function (el) {
el.setAttribute("tabindex", "" + nextTabindex++);
});
}
// Setup the tab
setupTab(tab, content, settings);
});
};
/**
* Toggle a tab based on an ID
* @param {String|Node} id The tab to toggle
*/
publicAPIs.toggle = function (id) {
// Get the tab
var tab = id;
if (typeof id === "string") {
tab = document.querySelector(
selector + ' [role="tab"][href*="' + id + '"]'
);
}
// Toggle the tab
toggle(tab);
};
/**
* Handle click events
*/
var clickHandler = function (event) {
// Only run on toggles
var tab = event.target.closest(selector + ' [role="tab"]');
if (!tab) return;
// Prevent link behavior
event.preventDefault();
// Toggle the tab
toggle(tab);
};
/**
* Handle keydown events
*/
var keyHandler = function (event) {
// Only run if a tab is in focus
var tab = document.activeElement;
if (!tab.matches(selector + ' [role="tab"]')) return;
// Only run for specific keys
if (["Home", "End"].indexOf(event.key) < 0) return;
// Switch tabs
switchTabs(tab, event.key);
};
/**
* Initialize the instance
*/
var init = function () {
// Merge user options with defaults
settings = extend(defaults, options || {});
// Setup the DOM
publicAPIs.setup();
// Add event listeners
document.documentElement.addEventListener("click", clickHandler, true);
tabWrapper.addEventListener("keydown", keyHandler, true);
};
//
// Initialize and return the Public APIs
//
init();
return publicAPIs;
};
//
// Return the Constructor
//
return Constructor;
}
);

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.tippy-box[data-animation=fade][data-state=hidden]{opacity:0}[data-tippy-root]{max-width:calc(100vw - 10px)}.tippy-box{position:relative;background-color:#333;color:#fff;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;white-space:normal;outline:0;transition-property:transform,visibility,opacity}.tippy-box[data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow{bottom:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=top]>.tippy-arrow:before{bottom:-7px;left:0;border-width:8px 8px 0;border-top-color:initial;transform-origin:center top}.tippy-box[data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow{top:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=bottom]>.tippy-arrow:before{top:-7px;left:0;border-width:0 8px 8px;border-bottom-color:initial;transform-origin:center bottom}.tippy-box[data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow{right:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=left]>.tippy-arrow:before{border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;border-left-color:initial;right:-7px;transform-origin:center left}.tippy-box[data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow{left:0}.tippy-box[data-placement^=right]>.tippy-arrow:before{left:-7px;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;border-right-color:initial;transform-origin:center right}.tippy-box[data-inertia][data-state=visible]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.54,1.5,.38,1.11)}.tippy-arrow{width:16px;height:16px;color:#333}.tippy-arrow:before{content:"";position:absolute;border-color:transparent;border-style:solid}.tippy-content{position:relative;padding:5px 9px;z-index:1}

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_book/site_libs/quarto-nav/headroom.min.js vendored Normal file
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/*!
* headroom.js v0.12.0 - Give your page some headroom. Hide your header until you need it
* Copyright (c) 2020 Nick Williams - http://wicky.nillia.ms/headroom.js
* License: MIT
*/
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