diff --git a/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/papers.md b/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/papers.md index eedac43..ad2347e 100644 --- a/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/papers.md +++ b/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/papers.md @@ -1,5 +1,44 @@ # Papers +###### Digital Audio Recording Analysis The Electric Network Frequency Criterion +Probably first paper about ENF extraction from audio signals. +Using Frequency Domain Analysis. +Suggested approach: +* Using DCLive Forensics software. +* Down sample the evidence to 120 Hz. (with "Change Sample Rate / Resolution" function) +* Band-pass filter the audio with cut frequencies around 49 and 51 Hz (with "Band Pass Filter") +* Compute the spectrogram with a 4096 points FFT. +* Make a vertical zoom around 50 Hz. +* Compare with the ENF database. (Probably manually - eye balling spectrogram). + +https://www.tracertek.com/media/pdf/an4.pdf + +###### Applications of ENF criterion in forensic audio, video, computer and telecommunication analysis +Probably first paper about ENF extraction from audio signals describing 3 possible methods. +* Time/frequency domain spectrograms method consists on computing spectrograms + * Visually compare questioned versus database ENF. + * Useful especially for questioned versus database ENF date and time verification. + * The fastest one (if we know exect recording time), is easy to be implemented. + * Reveals the ENF components number. + * For longer than 10–15 min recordings. + * Indicates a non-authentic or non-duplicate evidence recording. + * Must be used before the other two in order to find out the ENF components number. +* Frequency domain + * Method means to compute FFT over short time windows. + * Extract the maximum magnitude value around 50/60 Hz and compare questioned samples versus database ENF. + * Can be applied to one ENF component recordings for questioned versus database ENF verification or for database searching in order to identify the questioned ENF recording date and time. + * Can also be used on more than one ENF component recordings in order to separate the ENF components and detect their chronological enter the evidence. +* Time domain analysis + * Consists on zero-crosses measure. + * One ENF component recordings only. + * For bigger than 44 kHz sampling frequencies and by implementing zero-crosses interpolation can become sampling frequency independent. + * Can offer more useful detail than a frequency domain analysis. + * Applying a band-pass filter with 49–51 Hz cut frequencies, without down sampling the signal, one can separate the ENF waveform from the rest of the recording. + * Possible to analyse the original quantification levels of the signal. +* Calculation degree of correlation between questioned ENF component and reference database ENF for search/verification purpose is used for the last two methods. + +https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073806004312 + ###### Power Grid Estimation Using Electric Network Frequency Signals Using XGBoost classifier with 95.21% and 99.07% precision when ENF signals have 480 and 1920 data points https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/1982168/ diff --git a/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/useable-source-codes.md b/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/useable-source-codes.md index b24c34a..78924d4 100644 --- a/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/useable-source-codes.md +++ b/electrical-network-frequency-analysis/useable-source-codes.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ### PyEnf * Python based, ENF extraction from audio recordings. -* Using harmonic frequencies and frequency spectorgram. +* Using harmonic frequencies and frequency spectrogram. https://github.com/deerajnagothu/pyenf_extraction